Much has been written about theory and practice in the law, and the tension between practitioners and theorists. Judges do not cite theoretical articles often; they rarely "apply" theories to particular cases. These arguments are not revisited. Instead the Essay explores the working and interaction of theory and practice, practitioners and theorists. The Essay starts with a story about solving a legal issue using our intellectual tools - theory, practice, and their progenies: experience and "gut." Next the Essay elaborates on the nature of theory, practice, experience and "gut." The third part of the Essay discusses theories that are helpful to practitioners and those that are less helpful. The Essay concludes that practitioners theorize, and theorists practice. They use these intellectual tools differently because the goals and orientations of theorists and practitioners, and the constraints under which they act, differ. Theory, practice, experience and "gut" help us think, remember, decide and create. They complement each other like the two sides of the same coin: distinct but inseparable.

Of Theory and Practice

Transforming Qualitative Data: Description, Analysis, and Interpretation

How can video clips embedded in multimedia presentations be used to improve learning in college courses? To answer this question, a review of the theoretical and research evidence on videos and the brain is presented first. That is followed by a description of the theory of multimedia learning as it relates to videos and a review of studies using videos over the past four decades in college courses. The results of these studies and the verbal and visual components of a video potentially provide a best fit to the characteristics of this Net Generation of students and a valid approach to tap their multiple intelligences and learning styles. Concrete guidelines are given for using available video technology in the classroom, selecting appropriate video clips for any class, and applying those clips as a systematic teaching tool. The use of clips can also attain 20 specific learning outcomes. Toward that end, 12 generic techniques with examples to integrate video clips into teaching across the college curriculum are described.

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Multimedia Teaching with Video Clips: TV, Movies, YouTube, and mtvU in the College Classroom

The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defence. By Anna Freud. London: The Hogarth Press, 1937. Pp. x + 196. Price 9s.

Let me state my biases up front. I am a psychiatrist who has strongly supported the development of a psychiatric nosology that has value to the clinician, to research on the etiology and epidemiology of mental disorders, and, ultimately, to the patient. I have participated in the development of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Third Edition) and have a particular interest in the impact of the diagnostic manual on reimbursement. I believe that DSM-III, its revision, and the soon-to-be-published DSM-IV represent progress and a great improvement over what existed prior to 1980, when DSM-III was published.The authors of The Selling of DSM do not state their biases up front. It does become clear to the reader, however, that these professors of social work cast an extremely skeptical eye on current concepts in psychiatry, the medical or diagnostic model, and share (if not exactly, certainly closely) the

The Selling of DSM: The Rhetoric of Science in Psychiatry

The authors assessed counselor expectations of supervision and counselor burnout. A sample consisting of 120 members of the Oregon Personnel and Guidance Association completed the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) and the Counselor Supervision Inventory (CSI).

Burnout and Counselor Practitioner Expectations of Supervision

Authors are divided on the subject of moral relativism, the dilemma in which one is faced with conflicting concepts of good. The rehabilitation literature has consistently favored a rational-analytic approach to ethical problem solving in which alternatives are compared with one another and a preferred option is selected by the rehabilitation counselor. In this paper it is argued that the rational-analytic approach is outdated in the age of consumer driven services, and ill-suited to situations involving more than one individual. Collaborative ethics is associated with caring as a basic consideration, with a strong emphasis on the values of cooperation and inclusion. This paper presents a critique of the traditional method for resolving the problem of moral relativism, and describes a collaborative strategy for resolving ethical conflicts.

The Ethics of Caring : A Collaborative Approach to Resolving Ethical Dilemmas

This paper presents a five stage counseling process and describes its relationship to the rehabilitation process as experienced by vocational rehabilitation consumers. It is argued that professional counseling methods in the context of a helping relationship can facilitate and enhance vocational rehabilitation outcomes.

The Counseling Function in Vocational Rehabilitation

The environment in which rehabilitation counselors provide services to people with disabilities is changing to reflect changes in our society. Threats of violence have become a recurring feature of public service, including rehabilitation counseling. Counselors, supervisors, and administrators must seek an improved understanding of the dynamics of crisis and methods of effective response. The experience of a threatened counselor described in this report provided an opportunity to observe the sequential nature of adjustment to crisis. It is suggested that crisis theory can be useful for anticipating the responses of threatened counselors and providing a conceptual framework to guide preparation for possible future threats.

Adjusting to Threat in the Workplace: A Case Study

Rehabilitation counselors are committed to upholding high standards of ethics. To solve complicated dilemmas, counselors must practice ethical reflection on development of virtues and principles. Reflection on insights into ethics developed by historically significant contributors can help counselors articulate a robust ethical perspective. Counselors are recommended to search for basic principles they would like to see applied universally as standards of behavior, and reflect regularly on the questions “How should I be?” and “What should I do?”

Alan Davis

Papers

Burnout and Counselor Practitioner Expectations of Supervision

The Ethics of Caring : A Collaborative Approach to Resolving Ethical Dilemmas

The Counseling Function in Vocational Rehabilitation

Adjusting to Threat in the Workplace: A Case Study

Combining Ethical Virtues and Principles