다중혈관 관상동맥 환자에서 y-문합을 이용하여 양쪽 내흉동맥만을 사용한 우회술의 조기 성적

WITH the ever-widening scope of modern mathematical analysis and its many ramifications, it is quite impossible to include, in a single volume of reasonable size, an adequate and exhaustive discussion of the calculus in its more advanced stages. It therefore becomes necessary, in planning a thoroughly sound course in the subject, to consider several important aspects of the vast field confronting a modern writer. The limitation of space renders the selection of subject-matter fundamentally dependent upon the aim of the course, which may or may not be related to the content of specific examination syllabuses. Logical development, too, may lead to the inclusion of many topics which, at present, may only be of academic interest, while others, of greater practical value, may have to be omitted. The experience and training of the writer may also have, more or less, a bearing on both these considerations.Advanced CalculusBy Dr. C. A. Stewart. Pp. xviii + 523. (London: Methuen and Co., Ltd., 1940.) 25s.

Advanced Calculus I

Addressing researchers and graduate students in the active meeting ground of analysis, geometry, and dynamics, this book presents a study of renormalization of quadratic polynomials and a rapid introduction to techniques in complex dynamics. Its central concern is the structure of an infinitely renormalizable quadratic polynomial f(z) = z2 + c. As discovered by Feigenbaum, such a mapping exhibits a repetition of form at infinitely many scales. Drawing on universal estimates in hyperbolic geometry, this work gives an analysis of the limiting forms that can occur and develops a rigidity criterion for the polynomial f. This criterion supports general conjectures about the behavior of rational maps and the structure of the Mandelbrot set.The course of the main argument entails many facets of modern complex dynamics. Included are foundational results in geometric function theory, quasiconformal mappings, and hyperbolic geometry. Most of the tools are discussed in the setting of general polynomials and rational maps.

https://abel.math.harvard.edu/~ctm/papers/home/text/papers/real/book.pdf

Complex Dynamics and Renormalization

/pdf/the-limit-set-of-a-fuchsian-group-3jvimpq124.pdf

The limit set of a Fuchsian group

© Publications mathématiques de l’I.H.É.S., 1979, tous droits réservés. L’accès aux archives de la revue « Publications mathématiques de l’I.H.É.S. » ( http://www. ihes.fr/IHES/Publications/Publications.html), implique l’accord avec les conditions générales d’utilisation (http://www.numdam.org/legal.php). Toute utilisation commerciale ou impression systématique est constitutive d’une infraction pénale. Toute copie ou impression de ce fichier doit contenir la présente mention de copyright.

/pdf/the-density-at-infinity-of-a-discrete-group-of-hyperbolic-2swwg1zvb8.pdf

The density at infinity of a discrete group of hyperbolic motions

Describing the geometric theory of discrete groups and the associated tesselations of the underlying space, this work also develops the theory of Mobius transformations in n-dimensional Euclidean space. These transformations are discussed as isometries of hyperbolic space and are then identified with the elementary transformations of complex analysis. A detailed account of analytic hyperbolic trigonometry is given, and this forms the basis of the subsequent analysis of tesselations of the hyperbolic plane. Emphasis is placed on the geometrical aspects of the subject and on the universal constraints which must be satisfied by all tesselations.

The Geometry of Discrete Groups

Iteration of Rational Functions

Let G be a discrete subgroup of SL(2, C)/{• 1}. Then G operates as a discontinuous group of isometrics on hyperbolic 3-space, which we regard as the open unit ball B a in Euclidean 3-space E a. G operates on S 2, the boundary of B a, as a group of conformal homeomorphisms, but it need not be discontinuous there. The set of points of S 2 at which G does not act discontinuously is the limit set A(G). If we fix a point 0 in B a, then the orbit of 0 under G accumulates precisely at A(G). The approximation is, however, not uniform. We distinguish a class of limit points, called points o/aproximation, which are approximated very well by translates of 0. The set of points of approximation includes all loxodromic (including hyperbolic) fixed points, and includes no parabolic fixed points. In w 1 we give several equivalent definitions of point of approximation, and derive some properties. We remark that these points were first discussed by Hedlund [7]. Starting with a suitable point 0 in B a, we can construct the Dirichlet fundamental polyhedron P0 for G. I t was shown by Greenberg [5] that even if G is finitely generated, P0 need not have finitely many sides. Our next main result, given in w 2, is that if P0 is finite-sided, then every point of A(G) is either a point of approximation or a cusped parabolic fixed point (roughly speaking a parabolic fixed point is cusped if it represents the right number of punctures in (S2-A(G))/G). The above theorem has several applications: one of these is a new proof of the following theorem of Ahlfors [1].

/pdf/limit-points-of-kleinian-groups-and-finite-sided-fundamental-4juybs7trb.pdf

Limit points of Kleinian groups and finite sided fundamental polyhedra

1 Examples.- 1.1. Introduction.- 1.2. Iteration of Moebius Transformations.- 1.3. Iteration of z ? z2.- 1.4. Tchebychev Polynomials.- 1.5. Iteration of z ? z2 ? 1.- 1.6. Iteration of z ? z2 + c.- 1.7. Iteration of z ? z + 1/z.- 1.8. Iteration of z ? 2z ? 1/z.- 1.9. Newton's Approximation.- 1.10. General Remarks.- 2 Rational Maps.- 2.1. The Extended Complex Plane.- 2.2. Rational Maps.- 2.3. The Lipschitz Condition.- 2.4. Conjugacy.- 2.5. Valency.- 2.6. Fixed Points.- 2.7. Critical Points.- 2.8. A Topology on the Rational Functions.- 3 The Fatou and Julia Sets.- 3.1. The Fatou and Julia Sets.- 3.2. Completely Invariant Sets.- 3.3. Normal Families and Equicontinuity.- Appendix I. The Hyperbolic Metric.- 4 Properties of the Julia Set.- 4.1. Exceptional Points.- 4.2. Properties of the Julia Set.- 4.3. Rational Maps with Empty Fatou Set.- Appendix II. Elliptic Functions.- 5 The Structure of the Fatou Set.- 5.1. The Topology of the Sphere.- 5.2. Completely Invariant Components of the Fatou Set.- 5.3. The Euler Characteristic.- 5.4. The Riemann-Hurwitz Formula for Covering Maps.- 5.5. Maps Between Components of the Fatou Set.- 5.6. The Number of Components of the Fatou Set.- 5.7. Components of the Julia Set.- 6 Periodic Points.- 6.1. The Classification of Periodic Points.- 6.2. The Existence of Periodic Points.- 6.3. (Super) Attracting Cycles.- 6.4. Repelling Cycles.- 6.5. Rationally Indifferent Cycles.- 6.6. Irrationally Indifferent Cycles in F.- 6.7. Irrationally Indifferent Cycles in J.- 6.8. The Proof of the Existence of Periodic Points.- 6.9. The Julia Set and Periodic Points.- 6.10. Local Conjugacy.- Appendix III. Infinite Products.- Appendix IV. The Universal Covering Surface.- 7 Forward Invariant Components.- 7.1. The Five Possibilities.- 7.2. Limit Functions.- 7.3. Parabolic Domains.- 7.4. Siegel Discs and Herman Rings.- 7.5. Connectivity of Invariant Components.- 8 The No Wandering Domains Theorem.- 8.1. The No Wandering Domains Theorem.- 8.2. A Preliminary Result.- 8.3. Conformal Structures.- 8.4. Quasiconformal Conjugates of Rational Maps.- 8.5. Boundary Values of Conjugate Maps.- 8.6. The Proof of Theorem 8.1.2.- 9 Critical Points.- 9.1. Introductory Remarks.- 9.2. The Normality of Inverse Maps.- 9.3. Critical Points and Periodic Domains.- 9.4. Applications.- 9.5. The Fatou Set of a Polynomial.- 9.6. The Number of Non-Repelling Cycles.- 9.7. Expanding Maps.- 9.8. Julia Sets as Cantor Sets.- 9.9. Julia Sets as Jordan Curves.- 9.10. The Mandelbrot Set.- 10 Hausdorff Dimension.- 10.1. Hausdorff Dimension.- 10.2. Computing Dimensions.- 10.3. The Dimension of Julia Sets.- 11 Examples.- 11.1. Smooth Julia Sets.- 11.2. Dendrites.- 11.3. Components of F of Infinite Connectivity.- 11.4. F with Infinitely Connected and Simply Connected Components.- 11.5. J with Infinitely Many Non-Degenerate Components.- 11.6. F of Infinite Connectivity with Critical Points in J.- 11.7. A Finitely Connected Component of F.- 11.8. J Is a Cantor Set of Circles.- 11.9. The Function (z ? 2)2/z2.- References.- Index of Examples.

Iteration of Rational Functions: Complex Analytic Dynamical Systems

Describing two cornerstones of mathematics, this basic textbook presents a unified approach to algebra and geometry. It covers the ideas of complex numbers, scalar and vector products, determinants, linear algebra, group theory, permutation groups, symmetry groups and aspects of geometry including groups of isometries, rotations, and spherical geometry. The book emphasises the interactions between topics, and each topic is constantly illustrated by using it to describe and discuss the others. Many ideas are developed gradually, with each aspect presented at a time when its importance becomes clearer. To aid in this, the text is divided into short chapters, each with exercises at the end. The related website features an HTML version of the book, extra text at higher and lower levels, and more exercises and examples. It also links to an electronic maths thesaurus, giving definitions, examples and links both to the book and to external sources.

Alan F. Beardon

Papers

The Geometry of Discrete Groups

Iteration of Rational Functions

Limit points of Kleinian groups and finite sided fundamental polyhedra

Iteration of Rational Functions: Complex Analytic Dynamical Systems

Algebra and geometry