Preface Principles of Photosynthesis Mechanisms of Photosynthetic Oxygen Evolution and the Fundamental Hypotheses of Photosynthesis (Yuzeir Zeinalov) Thermoluminescence as a Tool in the study of Photosynthesis (Anil S. Bhagwat and Swapan K. Bhattachrjee) Biochemistry of Photosynthesis Chlorophyll Biosynthesis - A review (Benoit Schoefs and Martine Bertrand) Chloroplast Biogenesis 90, Probing the Relationship between Chlorophyll Biosynthetic Routes and the Topography of Chloroplast Biogenesis by Resonance Excitation Energy Transfer Determinations (Constantin A. Rebeiz, Karen J. Kopetz, and Vladimir L. Kolossov, USA) Protochlorophyllide Photoreduction - A review (Martine Bertrand and Benoit Schoefs) Formation and Demolition of Chloroplast during Leaf Ontogeny (Basanti Biswal) Role of Phosphorus in Photosynthetic Carbon Metabolism (Anna M. Rychter and I.M. Rao) Inhibition on Inactivation of Higher Plant Chloroplast Electron Transport (Rita Barr and Frederick L. Crane) Molecular Aspects of Photosynthesis: Photosystems, Photosynthetic Enzymes and Genes Photosystem I Structures and Functions (Teisuo Hiyama) Covalent Modification of Photosystem II Reaction-Center Polypeptides (Julian P. Whitelegge) Reactive Oxygen Species as Signaling Molecules Controlling Stress Adaptation in Plants (Tsanko Gechev, Ilya Gadjev, Stefan Dukiandjiev, and Ivan Minkov) Plastid Morphogenesis (Jan Hudak, Eliska Galova, and Lenka Zemanova) Plastid Proteases (Dennis E. Buetow) Supramolecular Organization of Water-Soluble Photosynthetic Enzymes Along the Thylakoid Membranes in Chloroplasts (Jayashree K. Sainis and Michael Melzer) Cytochrome C6 Genes in Cyanobacteria and Higher Plants (Kwok Ki Ho) Atmospheric and Environmental Factors Affecting Photosynthesis External and Internal Factors Responsible for Midday Depression of Photosynthesis (Da-Quan Xu and Yun-Kang Shen) Root Oxygen Depravation and the Reduction of Leaf Stomatal Aperture and Gas Exchange Effects on Photosynthesis (R.E. Sojka, H.D. Scott, and D.M. Oosterhuis) Rising Atmospheric CO2 and C4 Photosynthesis (Joseph C.V. Vu) Influence of High Light Intensity on Photosynthesis: Photoinhibition and Energy Dissipation (Robert Carpentier) Development of Functional Thylakoid Membranes: Regulation by Light and Hormones (Peter Nyitrai) Photosynthetic Pathways in Various Crop Plants Photosynthetic Carbon Assimilation of C3, C4 and CAM Pathways (Anil S. Bhagwat) Photosynthesis in Non-Typical C4 Species (Maria Valeria Lara and Carlos Santiago Andreo) Photosynthesis in Lower and Monocellular Plants Regulation of Phycobilisome Biosynthesis and Degradation in Cyanobacteria (Johannes Geiselmann, Jean Houmard, and Benoit Schoefs) Photosynthesis in Higher Plants Short-Term and Long-Term Regulation of Photosynthesis During Leaf Development (Dan Stessman, Martin Spalding, and Steven Rodermel) Recent Advances in Chloroplast Development in Higher Plants (Ilia D. Denev, Galina T. Yahubian, and Ivan N. Minkov) Photosynthesis in Different Plant Parts Photosynthesis in Leaf, Stem, Flower, and Fruit (Abdul Wahid, and Ejaz Rasul) Photosynthesis and Plant/Crop Productivity and Photosynthetic Products Photosynthetic Plant Productivity (Lubomir Natr and David W. Lawlor) Photosynthates Formation and Partitioning in Crop Plants (Alberto A. Iglesias and F.E. Podesta) Photosynthesis and Plant Genetics Crop Radiation Use Efficiency - Avenue for Genetic Improvement (G.V. Subbarao, O. Ito, and W.L. Berry) Physiological Perspectives on Improving Crop Adaptation to Drought - Justification for a Systemic Compnent-Based Approach (G.V. Subbarao, O. Ito, R. Serraj, J.H. Crouch, S. Tobita, K. Okada, C.T. Hash, R. Ortiz, and W.L. Berry) Photosynthetic Activity Measurements and Analysis of Photosynthetic Pigments Whole-Plant CO2 Exchange as a Non-Invasive Tool for Measuring Growth (Evangelos D. Leonardos, and Bernard Grodzinski) Approaches to Measuring Plant Photosynthetic Activity (Elena Masarovicova and Katarina Kralova) Analysis of Photosynthetic Pigments: An Update (Martine Bertrand, Jose L. Garrido, and Benoit Schoefs) Photosynthesis and Its Relationship with other Plant Physiological Processes Photosynthesis, Respiration, and the Limits to Growth (Bruce N. Smith, Heidi A. Summers, Emily A. Keller, and Tonya Thygerson) Nitrogen Assimilation and Carbon Metabolism (Alberto A. Iglesias, Maria J. Estrella, and Fernando Pieckenstain) Leaf Senescence (Agnieszka Mostowska) Photosynthesis Under Environmental Stress Conditions Photosynthesis in Plants under Stressful Conditions (Rama Shanker Dubey) Photosynthetic Response of Green Plants to Environmental Stress: Inhibition of Photosynthesis and Adaptational Mechanisms (Basanti Biswal) Salt and Drought Stress Effects on Photosynthesis, Enzyme Cohesion and High Turn Over Metabolite Shuttling, Essential for Functioning of Pathways, Is Impaired by Changes in Cytosolic Water Potential (B, Huchzermeyer and H.W. Koyro) Photosynthetic Carbon Metabolism of Crops under Salt Stress (Bruria Heuer) Photosynthesis under Drought Stress (Habib-ur-Rahman Athar and Muhammad Ashraf) Role of Plant Growth Regulators in Stomatal Limitation to Photosynthesis During Water Stress (Jana Pospisilova and Ian C. Dodd) Adverse Effects of UV-B Light on the Structure and Function of the Photosynthetic Apparatus (Imre Vass, Andras Szilard, and Cosmin Sicora) Heavy Metal Toxicity Induced Alterations in Photosynthetic Metabolism in Plants (Shruti Mishra and R.S, Dubey) Effects of Heavy Metals on Chlorophyll-Protein Complexes in Higher Plants: Causes and Consequences (Eva Sarvari) Photosynthesis in the Past, Present, and Future The Origin and Evolution of C4 Photosynthesis (Bruce N. Smith)

Handbook of Photosynthesis

Non-foliar photosynthesis – a strategy of additional carbon acquisition

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is an established model for studying fruit biology; however, most studies of tomato fruit growth and ripening are based on homogenized pericarp, and do not consider the internal tissues, or the expression signatures of individual cell and tissue types. We present a spatiotemporally resolved transcriptome analysis of tomato fruit ontogeny, using laser microdissection (LM) or hand dissection coupled with RNA-Seq analysis. Regulatory and structural gene networks, including families of transcription factors and hormone synthesis and signaling pathways, are defined across tissue and developmental spectra. The ripening program is revealed as comprising gradients of gene expression, initiating in internal tissues then radiating outward, and basipetally along a latitudinal axis. We also identify spatial variations in the patterns of epigenetic control superimposed on ripening gradients. Functional studies elucidate previously masked regulatory phenomena and relationships, including those associated with fruit quality traits, such as texture, color, aroma, and metabolite profiles.

/pdf/high-resolution-spatiotemporal-transcriptome-mapping-of-4w08fc6thc.pdf

High-resolution spatiotemporal transcriptome mapping of tomato fruit development and ripening

Publisher Summary This chapter outlines the studies on designing an efficient dried pea crop plant, based on the “leafless” phenotype. It approaches to study existing “leafless” models grown in simulated crop environments, and to use this information to indicate where more detailed plant physiological studies are required. These crop studies highlight some of the problems associated with the leafless phenotype, as well as indicating some of the characters that can be incorporated into the ideal crop plant. The effect of the leafless character on a plant population grown as a crop has been determined from comparative studies of leafed and leafless genotypes. A detailed analysis of the data revealed an overriding difference between the two phenotypes compared with differences between genotypes within a phenotype. The high planting densities required to attain good yields with the leafless pea make it a necessity to select plants with reproductive sinks that are tolerant of competitive environments. The seed plays a key role in these more fundamental studies because of its dual function as the unit of economic yield and as the unit from which the crop is derived.

Designing “Leafless” Plants for Improving Yields of the Dried Pea Crop

Photosynthesis is currently a focus for crop improvement. The majority of this work has taken place and been assessed in leaves, and limited consideration has been given to the contribution that other green tissues make to whole-plant carbon assimilation. The major focus of this review is to evaluate the impact of non-foliar photosynthesis on carbon-use efficiency and total assimilation. Here we appraise and summarize past and current literature on the substantial contribution of different photosynthetically active organs and tissues to productivity in a variety of different plant types, with an emphasis on fruit and cereal crops. Previous studies provide evidence that non-leaf photosynthesis could be an unexploited potential target for crop improvement. We also briefly examine the role of stomata in non-foliar tissues, gas exchange, maintenance of optimal temperatures and thus photosynthesis. In the final section, we discuss possible opportunities to manipulate these processes and provide evidence that Triticum aestivum (wheat) plants genetically manipulated to increase leaf photosynthesis also displayed higher rates of ear assimilation, which translated to increased grain yield. By understanding these processes, we can start to provide insights into manipulating non-foliar photosynthesis and stomatal behaviour to identify novel targets for exploitation in continuing breeding programmes.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/tpj.14633

Photosynthesis in non-foliar tissues: implications for yield

The pod wall of pea (Pisum sativum L.) was shown to contain two distinct photosynthetic layers. The outer, comprising chlorenchyma of the mesocarp, captured CO(2) from the outside atmosphere; the inner, a chloroplast-containing epidermis lining the pod gas cavity, was involved in photoassimilation of the CO(2) released from respiring seeds.Structural features of the pod included the thick cuticle and stomata of the outer epidermis, the inward projecting veinlets of the vascular network in the mesocarp, the sparsity of air spaces, the fiber and parenchyma layers of the endocarp, and the abundant chloroplasts, thin cuticle, and rounded outer contours of cells of the inner epidermis.The inner epidermis showed high specific activities of ribulose 1,5-diphosphate (RuDP) carboxylase (EC 4.1.1.39) and phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) carboxylase (EC 4.1.1.31), contained up to 20% of the pod's chlorophyll, and was capable of fixing 66% of the CO(2) released during the photoperiod to the pod gas space by the seeds of a fully grown fruit.The in vitro carboxylation capacity of the pod exceeded the estimated gross photosynthesis of the fruit for all but the last few days of development. Chlorophyll content and carboxylation activity declined more markedly in the outer photosynthetic layers than in the inner epidermis.The ratio of activities of RuDP carboxylase to PEP carboxylase in pod extracts varied from 2.4:1 to 12:1 as against 48:1 to 156:1 in extracts of leaves.Structural and physiological properties of the pod were related to its capacity to conserve respired CO(2) and provide photosynthate to developing seeds.

Alastair M. Flinn

Papers

Photosynthetic Pod Wall of Pea (Pisum sativum L.): Distribution of Carbon Dioxide-fixing Enzymes in Relation to Pod Structure.