Edicion bilingue de la obra que constituye de la mayor innovacion filosofica desde el platonismo.

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Crítica de la razón pura

Extensive and profound as philosophic speculation on the nature of knowledge may have been during the last twenty-five centuries, it must be conceded that it has, on the whole, failed in its undertaking. In fact, we do not seem to be much closer to the solution of the epistemological problem than were Kant and Hegel or, for that matter, Plato and Aristotle. Obviously enough, the problem should now be approached in some new way, perhaps one growing out of recent scientific findings. However, before we look around in search of such findings-that is, before we attempt to solve the basic problem of how knowledge of the external world is possible at all-it may be advisable to grant certain premises, describing the starting point of our naturalistic position, namely: (1) All knowledge, as such, is mental. Ever since Locke demonstrated that there are no innate principles of the mind, it has been acknowledged that the only cognitive experiences the human mind is capable of are ideas and perceptions. That ideas are mental will hardly be disputed. The concepts of justice and relativity, for instance, are definitely products of intellectual growth and endeavor, even when they are colored with emotion, as the case may be. Their ultimate derivation from, and application to, sensory reality makes little difference, in this connection. But when it comes to perception, the natural tendency is to regard it as of a double character, subjective as well as objective, as if it were something half-mental and half-material. The difficulty is to account for the objective reference of sensory experience, and the difficulty has proved to be serious. The resulting confusion of interpretation has given rise to countless schools of thought, including materialism, realism, pragmatism, and idealism of many varieties. One thing can hardly be denied, however, among intelligent people: that the images we see or hear are not identical with objects or events responsible for our observation, and that we can know directly only images, not objects or events themselves. The great majority of contemporary thinkers believe, to be sure, that images are not the end of knowledge, but only a means. In other words, they assume that reality, or nature in its broader sense, though unknowable directly, is somehow given in or through images of perception. The everyday assumption that, in observing an object, we know it immediately and in its true existential qualities may be somewhat naive; nevertheless, we are all forced, in practice if not in theory, to admit a cognitive connection between perceptual experience and realities underlying or causing it. But the exact nature of this connection seems to be an elusive puzzle. (2) Reality, as the object of knowledge in general, is non-mental. Though a few philosophers may be unwilling to concede this point, such seems to be the consensus of opinion among thinking people. Even Kant who attempted to explain all experience in terms of the mind's own activities and con-

Mind and Nature

An introduction to cybernetics.

El presente libro es la continuidad de cuatro estudios previos auspiciados por Ascolfa sobre la investigacion en Administracion en Colombia. En este se da a conocer el estado de la generacion de conocimiento en Estrategia Organizacional en Colombia, Se caracteriza la produccion academica que sobre estema han realizado grupos de investigacion en el pais durante los anos recientes; e identifica enfoques, tendencias, aportes y vacios de la investigacion.

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La generación de conocimiento en estrategia organizacional en Colombia.

Using MATLAB for the development of an EMG signal acquisition and processing system, to identify the different movements generated by a human arm such as flexion, extension, pronation and supination. Previously, information of the aforementioned movements is obtained to determine the best method of processing these signals generated by the movements. We proceed to program in Matlab to acquire and process these signals in real time. The acquisition system is made up of an EMG sensor implemented with an accelerometer sensor that helps determine the position and the set is connected to an Arduino Promicro that is configured as an interface for data acquisition with Matlab. These signals that are processed by Matlab will be shown by a graph. The sample to validate the equipment obtained a population of 94 people, where 96% of success was evidenced, this plus the statistical analysis of chi-square to evaluate and validate the hypothesis. According to the responses obtained in real time it was necessary to modify the position of the EMG device in the test arm, power source and have enough information to avoid errors.

Commercial logistics: an approach to making decision in MSMEs in the Zone 3 of Ecuador

El objetivo de este trabajo teorico es explicar los procesos estrategicos desde la optica de la epistemologia constructivista, analizando asi el sistema, su entorno y sus vinculos. El lenguaje es el coordinador conductual basico, mientras que la estrategia es el coordinador conductual de orden superior. Proponemos que el proceso estrategico consiste en una constante equilibracion de asimilaciones y acomodaciones sucesivas y simultaneas de los constructos cognitivos del decisor. Concluimos que, dado que los cambios en el entorno son cada vez mas rapidos, profundos y complejos, los constructos cognitivos estrategicos deben estar en permanente proceso de reconstruccion, incorporando a la incertidumbre y a la amenaza de ruptura cognitiva como trasfondo y marco de la estrategia. Por lo tanto, la teoria de la estrategia puede ser profundamente potenciada por la epistemologia, entendida como la teoria del conocimiento

La estrategia y la construcción del conocimiento

Los procesos de generacion de opciones alternativas y de toma de la decision estrategicason producto de los mapas mentales subjetivamente construidos por los decisores y delos ejecutores. Los diferentes agentes de la organizacion, entendida como un sistemasociotecnico complejo, deciden y operan a traves de mapas mentales con los que “leen” larealidad. El alineamiento de esos mapas mentales, basado en la comunicacion convergenteorientada a reducir la dispersion cognitiva de esos agentes, es la clave de la ejecucion dela estrategia y del aprendizaje organizacional. Estrategy and cognition: the strategy execution process through cognitive alignment The alternative-generating processes and strategic decision making are results of mental maps subjectively built by decision makers and executors. The different agents of the organization, understood as a socio-technical complexity, decide and act through mental maps used to “read” the reality. The alignment of these mental maps, that is based on convergent communication, contributes to reduce cognitive dispersion in the agents and, becomes the key to strategy execution and organizational learning.

estrategy and cognition: the strategy execution process through cognitive alignment Estrategia y cognición: la ejecutabilidad de la estrategia a través del alineamiento cognitivo

In this paper, we present, from a constructivist, systemic, cognitive, and linguistic perspective, a theoretical model on the concepts of market segmentation, consumer decision process, brand positioning, and competitive advantages. Likewise, from this constructivist, systemic, cognitive and linguistic perspective, we consider the concepts of an industry’s key competitive requirements, offer design, and distinctive competences. At last, we present the notion of competitive core as the link between competitive advantages and distinctive competences as the foundation of Competitive Strategy in the course of time and innovation.

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Un modelo para el análisis estratégico conjunto de los activos intangibles de la marca y el conocimiento: el aporte de las ciencias cognitivas a la estrategia competitiva

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Situação da estratégia de logística dentro da estratégia integrada de comercialização

The alternative-generating processes and strategic decision making are results of mental maps subjectively built by decision makers and executors. The different agents of the organization, understood as a socio-technical complexity, decide and act through mental maps used to “read” the reality. The alignment of these mental maps, that is based on convergent communication, contributes to reduce cognitive dispersion in the agents and, becomes the key to strategy execution and organizational learning.

Alberto Ramón Levy

Papers

La estrategia y la construcción del conocimiento

estrategy and cognition: the strategy execution process through cognitive alignment Estrategia y cognición: la ejecutabilidad de la estrategia a través del alineamiento cognitivo

Un modelo para el análisis estratégico conjunto de los activos intangibles de la marca y el conocimiento: el aporte de las ciencias cognitivas a la estrategia competitiva

Situação da estratégia de logística dentro da estratégia integrada de comercialização

estrategia y cognición: la ejecutabilidad de la estrategia a través del alineamiento cognitivo