https://cs.uwaterloo.ca/~brecht/courses/854-Emerging-2014/readings/iot/iot-survey.pdf

The Internet of Things: A survey

Wireless Communications

Recent years have seen a rapid proliferation of mass-market consumer software that takes inspiration from video games. Usually summarized as "gamification", this trend connects to a sizeable body of existing concepts and research in human-computer interaction and game studies, such as serious games, pervasive games, alternate reality games, or playful design. However, it is not clear how "gamification" relates to these, whether it denotes a novel phenomenon, and how to define it. Thus, in this paper we investigate "gamification" and the historical origins of the term in relation to precursors and similar concepts. It is suggested that "gamified" applications provide insight into novel, gameful phenomena complementary to playful phenomena. Based on our research, we propose a definition of "gamification" as the use of game design elements in non-game contexts.

/pdf/from-game-design-elements-to-gamefulness-defining-1wnas1kptm.pdf

From game design elements to gamefulness: defining "gamification"

In recent year, the Internet of Things (IoT) has drawn significant research attention. IoT is considered as a part of the Internet of the future and will comprise billions of intelligent communicating `things'. The future of the Internet will consist of heterogeneously connected devices that will further extend the borders of the world with physical entities and virtual components. The Internet of Things (IoT) will empower the connected things with new capabilities. In this survey, the definitions, architecture, fundamental technologies, and applications of IoT are systematically reviewed. Firstly, various definitions of IoT are introduced; secondly, emerging techniques for the implementation of IoT are discussed; thirdly, some open issues related to the IoT applications are explored; finally, the major challenges which need addressing by the research community and corresponding potential solutions are investigated.

The internet of things: a survey

Background
Decision aids are intended to help people participate in decisions that involve weighing the benefits and harms of treatment options often with scientific uncertainty.

Objectives
To assess the effects of decision aids for people facing treatment or screening decisions.

Search methods
For this update, we searched from 2009 to June 2012 in MEDLINE; CENTRAL; EMBASE; PsycINFO; and grey literature. Cumulatively, we have searched each database since its start date including CINAHL (to September 2008).

Selection criteria
We included published randomized controlled trials of decision aids, which are interventions designed to support patients' decision making by making explicit the decision, providing information about treatment or screening options and their associated outcomes, compared to usual care and/or alternative interventions. We excluded studies of participants making hypothetical decisions.

Data collection and analysis
Two review authors independently screened citations for inclusion, extracted data, and assessed risk of bias. The primary outcomes, based on the International Patient Decision Aid Standards (IPDAS), were:

A) 'choice made' attributes;

B) 'decision-making process' attributes.

Secondary outcomes were behavioral, health, and health-system effects. We pooled results using mean differences (MD) and relative risks (RR), applying a random-effects model.

Main results
This update includes 33 new studies for a total of 115 studies involving 34,444 participants. For risk of bias, selective outcome reporting and blinding of participants and personnel were mostly rated as unclear due to inadequate reporting. Based on 7 items, 8 of 115 studies had high risk of bias for 1 or 2 items each.

Of 115 included studies, 88 (76.5%) used at least one of the IPDAS effectiveness criteria: A) 'choice made' attributes criteria: knowledge scores (76 studies); accurate risk perceptions (25 studies); and informed value-based choice (20 studies); and B) 'decision-making process' attributes criteria: feeling informed (34 studies) and feeling clear about values (29 studies).

A) Criteria involving 'choice made' attributes:

Compared to usual care, decision aids increased knowledge (MD 13.34 out of 100; 95% confidence interval (CI) 11.17 to 15.51; n = 42). When more detailed decision aids were compared to simple decision aids, the relative improvement in knowledge was significant (MD 5.52 out of 100; 95% CI 3.90 to 7.15; n = 19). Exposure to a decision aid with expressed probabilities resulted in a higher proportion of people with accurate risk perceptions (RR 1.82; 95% CI 1.52 to 2.16; n = 19). Exposure to a decision aid with explicit values clarification resulted in a higher proportion of patients choosing an option congruent with their values (RR 1.51; 95% CI 1.17 to 1.96; n = 13).

B) Criteria involving 'decision-making process' attributes:

Decision aids compared to usual care interventions resulted in:

a) lower decisional conflict related to feeling uninformed (MD -7.26 of 100; 95% CI -9.73 to -4.78; n = 22) and feeling unclear about personal values (MD -6.09; 95% CI -8.50 to -3.67; n = 18);

b) reduced proportions of people who were passive in decision making (RR 0.66; 95% CI 0.53 to 0.81; n = 14); and

c) reduced proportions of people who remained undecided post-intervention (RR 0.59; 95% CI 0.47 to 0.72; n = 18).

Decision aids appeared to have a positive effect on patient-practitioner communication in all nine studies that measured this outcome. For satisfaction with the decision (n = 20), decision-making process (n = 17), and/or preparation for decision making (n = 3), those exposed to a decision aid were either more satisfied, or there was no difference between the decision aid versus comparison interventions. No studies evaluated decision-making process attributes for helping patients to recognize that a decision needs to be made, or understanding that values affect the choice.

C) Secondary outcomes

Exposure to decision aids compared to usual care reduced the number of people of choosing major elective invasive surgery in favour of more conservative options (RR 0.79; 95% CI 0.68 to 0.93; n = 15). Exposure to decision aids compared to usual care reduced the number of people choosing to have prostate-specific antigen screening (RR 0.87; 95% CI 0.77 to 0.98; n = 9). When detailed compared to simple decision aids were used, fewer people chose menopausal hormone therapy (RR 0.73; 95% CI 0.55 to 0.98; n = 3). For other decisions, the effect on choices was variable.

The effect of decision aids on length of consultation varied from 8 minutes shorter to 23 minutes longer (median 2.55 minutes longer) with 2 studies indicating statistically-significantly longer, 1 study shorter, and 6 studies reporting no difference in consultation length. Groups of patients receiving decision aids do not appear to differ from comparison groups in terms of anxiety (n = 30), general health outcomes (n = 11), and condition-specific health outcomes (n = 11). The effects of decision aids on other outcomes (adherence to the decision, costs/resource use) were inconclusive.

Authors' conclusions
There is high-quality evidence that decision aids compared to usual care improve people's knowledge regarding options, and reduce their decisional conflict related to feeling uninformed and unclear about their personal values. There is moderate-quality evidence that decision aids compared to usual care stimulate people to take a more active role in decision making, and improve accurate risk perceptions when probabilities are included in decision aids, compared to not being included. There is low-quality evidence that decision aids improve congruence between the chosen option and the patient's values.

New for this updated review is further evidence indicating more informed, values-based choices, and improved patient-practitioner communication. There is a variable effect of decision aids on length of consultation. Consistent with findings from the previous review, decision aids have a variable effect on choices. They reduce the number of people choosing discretionary surgery and have no apparent adverse effects on health outcomes or satisfaction. The effects on adherence with the chosen option, cost-effectiveness, use with lower literacy populations, and level of detail needed in decision aids need further evaluation. Little is known about the degree of detail that decision aids need in order to have a positive effect on attributes of the choice made, or the decision-making process.

/pdf/decision-aids-for-people-facing-health-treatment-or-1j1706q17l.pdf

Decision aids for people facing health treatment or screening decisions

Workplace stress is a growing problem, which is often not identified by sufferers and those around them until it becomes chronic Moreover, admitting to feel stressed is a highly private and therefore sensitive topic, particularly at work Informed by the findings from six in-depth interviews, we designed the manually self-adjusted wearable BuSiNec: a Busyness Signifying Necklace 18 participants wore it at their workplace and reported on their experiences and their usage behavior through a diary and in a focus group interview Our findings indicate that BuSiNec supports self-reflection on stress and further stimulates valuable discussions among co-users which in turn increased mutual consideration Participants were conscious of their their displayed busyness status towards others and used the display to encourage or discourage discussions and interruptions, or as a warning of upcoming hurry From these findings, we derive recommendations for the integration of affective state information in wearable displays

/pdf/businec-studying-the-effects-of-a-busyness-signifying-4jx74jmzl9.pdf

BuSiNec - Studying the Effects of a Busyness Signifying Necklace in the Wild

People use more and more applications and devices that quantify daily behavior such as the step count or phone usage. Purely presenting the collected data does not necessarily support users in understanding their behavior. In recent research, concepts such as learning by reflection are proposed to foster behavior change based on personal data. In this paper, we introduce user-made predictions to help users understand personal behavior patterns. Therefore, we developed an Android application that tracks users' screen-on and unlock patterns on their phone. The application asks users to predict their daily behavior based on their former usage data. In a user study with 12 participants, we showed the feasibility of leveraging user-made predictions in a quantified self approach. By trying to improve their predictions over the course of the study, participants automatically discovered new insights into personal behavior patterns.

Leveraging user-made predictions to help understand personal behavior patterns

Exploring large geolocated social media datasets is now an important task in many pursuits e.g. crisis response. Yet there is still a lack of effective methods to view and interact with large amounts spatially-disturbed user-generated content. In this work, we explore interaction techniques for an extended version of ScatterBlogs - an interactive application for exploring massive twitter datasets on large high-resolution displays. We designed an interaction technique that employs multiple tablets to enable multiple users to effectively manipulate geolocated twitter massages on a large screen. In a preliminary user study, we compared our technique with using a desktop computer. Results indicate that the technique offers superior performance and user experience. In future work, we will explore how our technique can enhance the user experience of interacting with analytics applications.

Towards Interaction Techniques for Social Media Data Exploration on Large High-Resolution Displays

The amplification of human senses has been in the focus of contemporary research for the past decades Apart from the replication of human organs, the functionality of the human body has been enhanced While many approaches aim to augment existing sensory channels, our research purpose is to explore the creation of a new sense, namely a sense for weather awareness For this, we present our concept which is based on the presentation of thermal stimuli Hence, we initially explored the perception and suitability of thermal feedback stimuli to communicate weather information, and particularly precipitation in an experiment comprising 16 participants From the qualitative and quantitative results we derive important findings helping us to advance the realization of our concept in future research involving a field study to further evaluate the creation of a sense for weather awareness

RainSense: exploring the concept of a sense for weather awareness

Location and Space.- Building World Models by Ray-Tracing within Ceiling-Mounted Positioning Systems.- On a Location Model for Fine-Grained Geocast.- RightSPOT: A Novel Sense of Location for a Smart Personal Object.- User-Friendly Surveying Techniques for Location-Aware Systems.- Modeling and Inference.- Sto(ry)chastics: A Bayesian Network Architecture for User Modeling and Computational Storytelling for Interactive Spaces.- Inferring High-Level Behavior from Low-Level Sensors.- Activity Zones for Context-Aware Computing.- Context Awareness.- Context-Aware User Authentication - Supporting Proximity-Based Login in Pervasive Computing.- Secure Spontaneous Device Association.- AwareCon: Situation Aware Context Communication.- liquid: Context-Aware Distributed Queries.- Is Context-Aware Computing Taking Control away from the User? Three Levels of Interactivity Examined.- New Devices and Technologies.- Tools for Studying Behavior and Technology in Natural Settings.- Very Low-Cost Sensing and Communication Using Bidirectional LEDs.- SPECs: Another Approach to Human Context and Activity Sensing Research, Using Tiny Peer-to-Peer Wireless Computers.- A 2-Way Laser-Assisted Selection Scheme for Handhelds in a Physical Environment.- Domestic Environments and Healthcare.- Finding a Place for UbiComp in the Home.- New Perspectives on Ubiquitous Computing from Ethnographic Study of Elders with Cognitive Decline.- Practical Considerations of Context for Context Based Systems: An Example from an Ethnographic Case Study of a Man Diagnosed with Early Onset Alzheimer's Disease.- "Playing with the Bits" User-Configuration of Ubiquitous Domestic Environments.- Social Aspect and Privacy.- IntelliBadgeTM: Towards Providing Location-Aware Value-Added Services at Academic Conferences.- UbiTable: Impromptu Face-to-Face Collaboration on Horizontal Interactive Surfaces.- Social Network Computing.- The Design of a Context-Aware Home Media Space for Balancing Privacy and Awareness.- New Interfaces.- Context-Aware Computing with Sound.- An Architecture and Framework for Steerable Interface Systems.- Evaluation of Visual Notification Cues for Ubiquitous Computing.

Albrecht Schmidt

Papers

BuSiNec - Studying the Effects of a Busyness Signifying Necklace in the Wild

Leveraging user-made predictions to help understand personal behavior patterns

Towards Interaction Techniques for Social Media Data Exploration on Large High-Resolution Displays

RainSense: exploring the concept of a sense for weather awareness

UbiComp 2003 : ubiquitous computing : 5th International Conference, Seattle, WA, USA, October 12-15, 2003 : proceedings