User Generated Content (UGC) is re-shaping the way people watch video and TV, with millions of video producers and consumers. In particular, UGC sites are creating new viewing patterns and social interactions, empowering users to be more creative, and developing new business opportunities. To better understand the impact of UGC systems, we have analyzed YouTube, the world's largest UGC VoD system. Based on a large amount of data collected, we provide an in-depth study of YouTube and other similar UGC systems. In particular, we study the popularity life-cycle of videos, the intrinsic statistical properties of requests and their relationship with video age, and the level of content aliasing or of illegal content in the system. We also provide insights on the potential for more efficient UGC VoD systems (e.g. utilizing P2P techniques or making better use of caching). Finally, we discuss the opportunities to leverage the latent demand for niche videos that are not reached today due to information filtering effects or other system scarcity distortions. Overall, we believe that the results presented in this paper are crucial in understanding UGC systems and can provide valuable information to ISPs, site administrators, and content owners with major commercial and technical implications.

/pdf/i-tube-you-tube-everybody-tubes-analyzing-the-world-s-xhp615maf2.pdf

I tube, you tube, everybody tubes: analyzing the world's largest user generated content video system

This paper presents a traffic characterization study of the popular video sharing service, YouTube. Over a three month period we observed almost 25 million transactions between users on an edge network and YouTube, including more than 600,000 video downloads. We also monitored the globally popular videos over this period of time.In the paper we examine usage patterns, file properties, popularity and referencing characteristics, and transfer behaviors of YouTube, and compare them to traditional Web and media streaming workload characteristics. We conclude the paper with a discussion of the implications of the observed characteristics. For example, we find that as with the traditional Web, caching could improve the end user experience, reduce network bandwidth consumption, and reduce the load on YouTube's core server infrastructure. Unlike traditional Web caching, Web 2.0 provides additional meta-data that should be exploited to improve the effectiveness of strategies like caching.

/pdf/youtube-traffic-characterization-a-view-from-the-edge-53v2b6giu5.pdf

Youtube traffic characterization: a view from the edge

Video-on-demand over IP (VOD) is one of the best-known examples of "next-generation" Internet applications cited as a goal by networking and multimedia researchers. Without empirical data, researchers have generally relied on simulated models to drive their design and developmental efforts. In this paper, we present one of the first measurement studies of a large VOD system, using data covering 219 days and more than 150,000 users in a VOD system deployed by China Telecom. Our study focuses on user behavior, content access patterns, and their implications on the design of multimedia streaming systems. Our results also show that when used to model the user-arrival rate, the traditional Poisson model is conservative and overestimates the probability of large arrival groups. We introduce a modified Poisson distribution that more accurately models our observations. We also observe a surprising result, that video session lengths has a weak inverse correlation with the video's popularity. Finally, we gain better understanding of the sources of video popularity through analysis of a number of internal and external factors.

/pdf/understanding-user-behavior-in-large-scale-video-on-demand-2ercv8cu0q.pdf

Understanding user behavior in large-scale video-on-demand systems

As the distribution of the video over the Internet becomes main- stream and its consumption moves from the computer to the TV screen, user expectation for high quality is constantly increasing. In this context, it is crucial for content providers to understand if and how video quality affects user engagement and how to best invest their resources to optimize video quality. This paper is a first step towards addressing these questions. We use a unique dataset that spans different content types, including short video on demand (VoD), long VoD, and live content from popular video con- tent providers. Using client-side instrumentation, we measure quality metrics such as the join time, buffering ratio, average bitrate, rendering quality, and rate of buffering events.We quantify user engagement both at a per-video (or view) level and a per-user (or viewer) level. In particular, we find that the percentage of time spent in buffering (buffering ratio) has the largest impact on the user engagement across all types of content. However, the magnitude of this impact depends on the content type, with live content being the most impacted. For example, a 1% increase in buffering ratio can reduce user engagement by more than three minutes for a 90-minute live video event. We also see that the average bitrate plays a significantly more important role in the case of live content than VoD content.

/pdf/understanding-the-impact-of-video-quality-on-user-engagement-dbkb3mbmmp.pdf

Understanding the impact of video quality on user engagement

User generated content (UGC), now with millions of video producers and consumers, is re-shaping the way people watch video and TV. In particular, UGC sites are creating new viewing patterns and social interactions, empowering users to be more creative, and generating new business opportunities. Compared to traditional video-on-demand (VoD) systems, UGC services allow users to request videos from a potentially unlimited selection in an asynchronous fashion. To better understand the impact of UGC services, we have analyzed the world's largest UGC VoD system, YouTube, and a popular similar system in Korea, Daum Videos. In this paper, we first empirically show how UGC services are fundamentally different from traditional VoD services. We then analyze the intrinsic statistical properties of UGC popularity distributions and discuss opportunities to leverage the latent demand for niche videos (or the so-called "the Long Tail" potential), which is not reached today due to information filtering or other system scarcity distortions. Based on traces collected across multiple days, we study the popularity lifetime of UGC videos and the relationship between requests and video age. Finally, we measure the level of content aliasing and illegal content in the system and show the problems aliasing creates in ranking the video popularity accurately. The results presented in this paper are crucial to understanding UGC VoD systems and may have major commercial and technical implications for site administrators and content owners.

/pdf/analyzing-the-video-popularity-characteristics-of-large-5c2t5dkq42.pdf

Analyzing the video popularity characteristics of large-scale user generated content systems

This paper provides an extensive analysis of pre-stored streaming media workloads, focusing on the client interactive behavior. We analyze four workloads that fall into three different domains, namely, education, entertainment video and entertainment audio. Our main goals are: (a) to identify qualitative similarities and differences in the typical client behavior for the three workload classes and (b) to provide data for generating realistic synthetic workloads.

/pdf/analyzing-client-interactivity-in-streaming-media-12n26qkqn4.pdf

Analyzing client interactivity in streaming media

Peer-to-peer live streaming media systems are becoming more popular each day. As in file sharing P2P system, they are susceptible to content pollution attack. In this kind of attack, a peer alters the media content decreasing the perceived quality of the streaming. In this paper we evaluate the impact of pollution attack in P2P live streaming and we present two reputation system to avoid content polluted dissemination and isolate malicious peers. Our results show that a few number of polluters is capable to compromise all the application and the 2 proposed reputation systems can quickly identify and isolate polluters and also be resistant to peers collusion.

Fighting pollution in P2P live streaming systems

O objetivo deste trabalho consiste em compreender as representacoes sociais acerca das relacoes de parentesco em grupo constituido por doze organizacoes familiares do ramo farmaceutico, situadas em uma cidade do Estado de Minas Gerais. Recorreu-se a abordagem teorico-metodologica das representacoes sociais, para resgatar as representacoes produzidas pelos diferentes atores sobre a influencia das relacoes de parentesco no cotidiano do grupo familiar. As analises evidenciaram a ocorrencia de duas grandes representacoes: parentesco como integracao social e mecanismo de manutencao da ordem organizacional vigente e parentesco como fonte de conflito. Conclui-se que o grupo familiar estudado compartilha, no mesmo espaco, de praticas contraditorias e objetivos diversos, ora atendendo as necessidades empresariais, ora sendo dominado pelos desejos individuais e/ou familiares. Portanto, torna-se complexa a tarefa de ditar formulas e modelos analiticos para compreender esses objetos, como o grupo empresarial familiar, pois, em seu cotidiano, suas acoes sao permeadas de aspectos objetivos e subjetivos, concomitantemente, em dinâmica constante de interacao de familia com a organizacao.

http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rac/v16n1/a07v16n1.pdf

Representações sociais sobre as relações de parentesco: estudo de caso em um grupo empresarial familiar

Tem-se como objetivo, com este trabalho, analisar a producao cientiﬁca brasileira sobre empresas familiares, a partir de artigos publicados durante o periodo compreendido entre 1997 e 2009. Para tanto, foi efetuado um levantamento bibliograﬁco, enfatizando a identiﬁcacao de padroes que permitissem realcar alguns aspectos centrais da conﬁguracao atual do campo, tais como: conceito de empresa familiar utilizado; temas de pesquisa; abordagem de pesquisa; metodo de pesquisa; estrategia de pesquisa; tecnicas de coleta e analise de dados. A partir dos resultados da pesquisa, foi possivel observar a existencia de um campo emergente no cenario academico brasileiro, o qual vem apresentando avancos nos ultimos anos, sobretudo no que se refere ao crescimento do volume de trabalhos publicados. Portanto, pode-se aﬁrmar que o campo de estudos sobre empresas familiares assume um carater potencial, se constituindo como alternativa academica relevante para a producao de pesquisas e para o desenvolvimento de teorias dentro da area da Administracao e dos Estudos Organizacionais no Brasil.

/pdf/o-campo-de-pesquisas-sobre-empresas-familiares-no-brasil-4qhvk41iv9.pdf

O campo de pesquisas sobre empresas familiares no Brasil: análise da produção científica no período 1997-2009

O objetivo desse trabalho e estudar o processo de sucessao em tres empresas familiares Para tanto, buscou-se elaborar uma vertente diferenciada para a apreensao desse processo, a partir de uma construcao teorica envolvendo os campos de estudos sobre empresas familiares e sobre empreendedorismo Esta vertente, chamada aqui de sucessao empreendedora, consiste em um processo socialmente construido e dialetico, resultante da interacao entre predecessores e sucessores no âmbito de uma empresa familiar, e envolve a manifestacao de acoes intraempreendedoras no decorrer desses processos sucessorios Os estudos de caso, realizados por meio de entrevistas com predecessores e sucessores, revelaram a possibilidade de apreensao do processo de sucessao empreendedora, verificando-se como aspectos tais como a aceitabilidade, a credibilidade e a legitimidade contribuiram para a construcao da lideranca dos sucessores A partir dessa lideranca, os sucessores praticariam acoes intraempreendedoras, sobretudo em termos de inovacao e criacao de valor, conduzindo a empresa familiar ao crescimento e competitividade Nao obstante, o surgimento de conflitos familiares e de resistencias as mudancas efetuadas pelos sucessores abre possibilidade para a identificacao de situacoes em que nao se verifica a sucessao ou nao se verifica o intraempreendedorismo, e assim conduzindo a uma reconstrucao mais ampla da nocao de sucessao empreendedora Portanto, a construcao teorica resultante deste estudo revela o potencial que a nocao de sucessao empreendedora assume para a apreensao de dimensoes pouco exploradas no campo de estudos sobre empresas familiares

https://www.regepe.org.br/regepe/article/download/17/16

Alex Fernando Borges

Papers

Analyzing client interactivity in streaming media

Fighting pollution in P2P live streaming systems

Representações sociais sobre as relações de parentesco: estudo de caso em um grupo empresarial familiar

O campo de pesquisas sobre empresas familiares no Brasil: análise da produção científica no período 1997-2009

O processo de construção da sucessão empreendedora em empresas familiares: um estudo multicaso