There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one. I remember first hearing about it at school. It seemed an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality.

Usually familiarity dulls this sense of the bizarre, but in the case of i it was the reverse: over the years the sense of its surreal nature intensified. It seemed that it was impossible to write mathematics that described the real world in …

I and i

A comprehensive review on PEM water electrolysis

Improving the sluggish kinetics for the electrochemical reduction of water to molecular hydrogen in alkaline environments is one key to reducing the high overpotentials and associated energy losses in water-alkali and chlor-alkali electrolyzers. We found that a controlled arrangement of nanometer-scale Ni(OH)(2) clusters on platinum electrode surfaces manifests a factor of 8 activity increase in catalyzing the hydrogen evolution reaction relative to state-of-the-art metal and metal-oxide catalysts. In a bifunctional effect, the edges of the Ni(OH)(2) clusters promoted the dissociation of water and the production of hydrogen intermediates that then adsorbed on the nearby Pt surfaces and recombined into molecular hydrogen. The generation of these hydrogen intermediates could be further enhanced via Li(+)-induced destabilization of the HO-H bond, resulting in a factor of 10 total increase in activity.

http://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/334/6060/1256.full.pdf

Enhancing Hydrogen Evolution Activity in Water Splitting by Tailoring Li+-Ni(OH)2-Pt Interfaces

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/5610941/5624686/05624745.pdf

Power electronics

https://publikationen.bibliothek.kit.edu/1000050288/18451059

Renewable Power-to-Gas: A technological and economic review

This paper reviews water electrolysis technologies for hydrogen production and also surveys the state of the art of water electrolysis integration with renewable energies. First, attention is paid to the thermodynamic and electrochemical processes to better understand how electrolysis cells work and how they can be combined to build big electrolysis modules. The electrolysis process and the characteristics, advantages, drawbacks, and challenges of the three main existing electrolysis technologies, namely alkaline, polymer electrolyte membrane, and solid oxide electrolyte, are then discussed. Current manufacturers and the main features of commercially available electrolyzers are extensively reviewed. Finally, the possible configurations allowing the integration of water electrolysis units with renewable energy sources in both autonomous and grid-connected systems are presented and some relevant demonstration projects are commented.

Hydrogen Production From Water Electrolysis: Current Status and Future Trends

The relative weight of the energy generated by means of renewable sources is constantly increasing. Among all these sources, the photovoltaic (PV) systems present the higher and more stable relative growth. However, the PV system is still too expensive and a significant effort is being done to increase the efficiency and reduce the cost. Concerning the PV inverters, this has lead to the elimination of the low frequency (LF) transformer that has been traditionally included. The LF transformer provides isolation from the grid but reduces the PV inverter efficiency and increases its size and cost. However, the elimination of the transformer might generate strong ground currents, which become now an important design parameter for the PV inverter. The ground currents are a function of the system stray elements. However, there is no simple model and procedure to study the common mode behavior of a PV system, which is required to analyze the ground currents. In this paper, a comprehensible model is proposed which provides a better understanding of the common mode issue in single-phase transformerless PV systems. In addition, a procedure is developed to analyze the global performance, efficiency, grid current quality, and common mode behavior of a PV inverter as a function of its particular structure and modulation technique. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/pip.761

Ground currents in single-phase transformerless photovoltaic systems

This work has been performed within a Research and Development contract on Hydrogen Energy granted by Acciona Biocombustibles S. A., a branch of Acciona Energia, to the Public University of Navarra...

Renewable Hydrogen Production: Performance of an Alkaline Water Electrolyzer Working under Emulated Wind Conditions

Thermal performance of a commercial alkaline water electrolyzer: Experimental study and mathematical modeling

Energy storage systems are playing an increasingly important role in a variety of applications, such as electric vehicles or grid-connected systems. In this context, supercapacitors (SCs) are gaining ground due to their high power density, good performance, and long maintenance-free lifetime. For this reason, SCs are a hot research topic, and several papers are being published on material engineering, performance characterization, modeling. and post-mortem analysis. A compilation of the most important millstones on this topic is essential to keep researchers on related fields updated about new potentials of this technology. This review paper covers recent research aspects and applications of SCs, highlighting the relationship between material properties and electrical characteristics. It begins with an explanation of the energy storage mechanisms and materials used by SCs. Based on these materials, the SCs are classified, their key features are summarized, and their electrochemical characteristics are related to electrical performance. Given the high interest in system modeling and a large number of papers published on this topic, modeling techniques are classified, explained, and compared, addressing their strengths and weaknesses, and the experimental techniques used to measure the modeled properties are described. Finally, SCs are successfully used in the market sectors, as well as their growth expectations are analyzed. The analysis presented herein gives the account of the expansion that the SC market is currently undergoing and identifies the most promising research trends on this field.

/pdf/supercapacitors-electrical-characteristics-modeling-1dpxx086sp.pdf

Alfredo Ursúa

Papers

Hydrogen Production From Water Electrolysis: Current Status and Future Trends

Ground currents in single-phase transformerless photovoltaic systems

Renewable Hydrogen Production: Performance of an Alkaline Water Electrolyzer Working under Emulated Wind Conditions

Thermal performance of a commercial alkaline water electrolyzer: Experimental study and mathematical modeling

Supercapacitors: Electrical Characteristics, Modeling, Applications, and Future Trends