介绍了Kirk—Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology（化工技术百科全书）（第五版）电子图书网络版数据库，并对该数据库使用方法和检索途径作出了说明，且结合实例简单地介绍了该数据库的检索方法。

Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology数据库介绍及实例

Much has been written about theory and practice in the law, and the tension between practitioners and theorists. Judges do not cite theoretical articles often; they rarely "apply" theories to particular cases. These arguments are not revisited. Instead the Essay explores the working and interaction of theory and practice, practitioners and theorists. The Essay starts with a story about solving a legal issue using our intellectual tools - theory, practice, and their progenies: experience and "gut." Next the Essay elaborates on the nature of theory, practice, experience and "gut." The third part of the Essay discusses theories that are helpful to practitioners and those that are less helpful. The Essay concludes that practitioners theorize, and theorists practice. They use these intellectual tools differently because the goals and orientations of theorists and practitioners, and the constraints under which they act, differ. Theory, practice, experience and "gut" help us think, remember, decide and create. They complement each other like the two sides of the same coin: distinct but inseparable.

Of Theory and Practice

where A represents the magnetic vector potential, is an integral of the hydromagnetic equations. This -integral made it possible to formulate a variational principle for the force-free magnetic fields. The integral expresses the fact that motions cannot transform a given field in an entirely arbitrary different field, if the conductivity of the medium isconsidered infinite. In this paper we shall show that the full set of hydromagnetic equations admit five more integrals, besides the energy integral, if dissipative processes are absent. These integrals, as we shall presently verify, are I2 =fbHvdV, (2)

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

Microbial electrocatalysis relies on microorganisms as catalysts for reactions occurring at electrodes. Microbial fuel cells and microbial electrolysis cells are well known in this context; both use microorganisms to oxidize organic or inorganic matter at an anode to generate electrical power or H(2), respectively. The discovery that electrical current can also drive microbial metabolism has recently lead to a plethora of other applications in bioremediation and in the production of fuels and chemicals. Notably, the microbial production of chemicals, called microbial electrosynthesis, provides a highly attractive, novel route for the generation of valuable products from electricity or even wastewater. This Review addresses the principles, challenges and opportunities of microbial electrosynthesis, an exciting new discipline at the nexus of microbiology and electrochemistry.

Microbial electrosynthesis — revisiting the electrical route for microbial production

A control circuit of a surgical device is disclosed. The control circuit includes a first circuit portion coupled to at least one switch operable between an open state and a closed state. The first circuit portion communicates with a surgical generator over a conductor pair to receive a control signal to determine a state of the at least one switch.

Surgical generator for ultrasonic and electrosurgical devices

Thermal modification (shrinkage) of capsular connective tissue has gained increasing popularity as an adjunctive or even a primary procedure in the arthroscopic treatment of shoulder instability. Although the physical effects of heat on collagenous tissues are well known, the long-term biologic fate of these shrunken tissues is still a matter of debate. The temperatures required to alter the molecular bonding of collagen and thus cause tissue shrinkage (65 degrees C to 70 degrees C) are also known to destroy cellular viability. Therefore, thermally modified tissues are devitalized and must undergo a biologic remodeling process. During this remodeling, the mechanical properties of the treated tissues are altered (decreased stiffness) and can be at risk for elongation if the postoperative rehabilitation regimen is too aggressive. Although anecdotal reports suggest that thermal capsular shrinkage does have a beneficial effect, the exact mechanism responsible for this clinical improvement has yet to be fully defined. The reported improvement could be due to the maintenance of initial capsular shrinkage, secondary fibroplasia and resultant thickening of the joint capsule, a loss of afferent sensory stimulation due to the destruction of sensory receptors, or a combination of all three. The clinical role for thermal modification of connective tissues has not yet been defined, but it appears that it may prove most useful as a stimulant for inducing a biologic repair response.

Thermal modification of connective tissues: basic science considerations and clinical implications.

Wound healing is a natural and well-orchestrated biologic event. Indeed, the ability of wounds to heal is the foundation on which the practice of surgery is predicated. The successful surgeon maintains a delicate alliance with nature, balancing the magnitude of the surgical insult against the capacity of the tissue for repair. Thermal injury is one of the most traumatic insults a tissue can sustain and the high degree of cell death and matrix alteration associated with thermal burns have been shown to result in a protracted healing time. Thus, the use of thermal energy as a stimulant for tissue shrinkage must be tempered with an appreciation of the biologic events that accompany this phenomenon. Furthermore, it must be realized that the initial degree of capsular shrinkage observed following the application of thermal energy may have little bearing on the long-term biologic and biomechanical status of the joint capsule. Therefore, the desire to see a redundant capsule shrink and become taut at surgery should be weighed very carefully against the level of damage imparted to the tissue to achieve this result. The simple initiation of the healing response may be sufficient to rehabilitate an incompetent structure via the creation of new cellular tissue. While the ultimate application(s) of thermal modification of connective tissues has yet to be completely defined, its ultimate role may be best suited to that of a low level stimulant for inducing a biologic repair response rather than a highly aggressive mechanism for primary tissue shrinkage.

The present invention provides a method for strengthening collagen in collagenous tissue which uses the controlled application of heat to induce shrinkage or contraction of the collagen in the tissue and a cross-linking means which cross-links the shrunken collagen in the tissue thereby stabilizing and strengthening collagenous tissue. In particular, the present invention provides an in vivo method for treating joint instability problems, controlled manipulation of skin structure and properties, and other problems involving collagen-containing tissues. The present invention further provides an in vitro method for stabilizing collagenous tissue for use in vivo or in vitro. Further, the present invention provides a method for treating collagenous tissue and testing the strength and stability of the treated tissue.

Method for controlling the chemical and heat induced responses of collagenous materials

Latex biocatalytic coatings containing ∼50% by volume of microorganisms stabilize, concentrate and preserve cell viability on surfaces at ambient temperature. Coatings can be formed on a variety of surfaces, delaminated to generate stand-alone membranes or formulated as reactive inks for piezoelectric deposition of viable microbes. As the latex emulsion dries, cell preservation by partial desiccation occurs simultaneously with the formation of pores and adhesion to the substrate. The result is living cells permanently entrapped, surrounded by nanopores generated by partially coalesced polymer particles. Nanoporosity is essential for preserving microbial viability and coating reactivity. Cryo-SEM methods have been developed to visualize hydrated coating microstructure, confocal microscopy and dispersible coating methods have been developed to quantify the activity of the entrapped cells, and FTIR methods are being developed to determine the structure of vitrified biomolecules within and surrounding the cells in dry coatings. Coating microstructure, stability and reactivity are investigated using small patch or strip coatings where bacteria are concentrated 102- to 103-fold in 5–75 μm thick layers with pores formed by carbohydrate porogens. The carbohydrate porogens also function as osmoprotectants and are postulated to preserve microbial viability by formation of glasses inside the microbes during coat drying; however, the molecular mechanism of cell preservation by latex coatings is not known. Emerging applications include coatings for multistep oxidations, photoreactive coatings, stabilization of hyperthermophiles, environmental biosensors, microbial fuel cells, as reaction zones in microfluidic devices, or as very high intensity (>100 g·L-1 coating volume·h-1) industrial or environmental biocatalysts. We anticipate expanded use of nanoporous adhesive coatings for prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell preservation at ambient temperature and the design of highly reactive “living” paints and inks.

Painting and printing living bacteria: Engineering nanoporous biocatalytic coatings to preserve microbial viability and intensify reactivity

Hydraulic fracturing is a method of oil and gas extraction from shale in which substantial volumes of water return to the surface containing chemicals and microorganisms. This paper begins to address the microbial composition and aqueous chemistry and the potential for intrinsic and enhanced bioremediation of these waters. The waters from a gas and oil shale in the Marcellus and Bakken regions, respectively, were analyzed for inorganic elements, organic chemicals, microbial taxonomic composition, and biodegradative capabilities. The waters were highly saline, reaching NaCl concentrations up to 3.5 N, but no significant levels of radioactive elements were detected. More than 1,000 organic compounds were separated and identified by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The major classes of organic compounds, in order of decreasing abundance, were aliphatics, cycloaliphatics, single-ring aromatics, and polycyclic aromatic compounds. The bacterial genera fo...

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Alptekin Aksan

Papers

Thermal modification of connective tissues: basic science considerations and clinical implications.

Thermal modification of connective tissues: basic science considerations and clinical implications.

Method for controlling the chemical and heat induced responses of collagenous materials

Painting and printing living bacteria: Engineering nanoporous biocatalytic coatings to preserve microbial viability and intensify reactivity

Biodegradation in Waters from Hydraulic Fracturing: Chemistry, Microbiology, and Engineering