The abstract should provide a summary of the HiT in no more than 250 words The Box provides an example from the Philippines HiT, 2011 Philippines HiT abstract Consistent with its commitment to the Alma Ata in 1978, the Philippine Government adopted the Primary Health Care (PHC) approach in 1979 to achieve health for all Filipinos by year 2000 The promulgation of the Local Development Code (RA 7160) in 1991 was in line with the community participation ideals of PHC (1992-1999) as it devolved responsibility for health care was devolved to Local Government Units The Health Sector Reform Agenda was introduced in 2005 to address problems in health care delivery at local level brought about by the devolution proves Issues of poor accessibility, inequities and inefficiencies of the health system have been the target of health reforms over the last 30 years Hospital, public health, financing, local health system and regulatory reforms comprised the HSRA approach In 2005, the DOH streamlined the reform program to ensure access and availability of essential and basic health packages by reducing the four reform areas, namely: 1) designating providers of basic and essential health service package in strategic locations; 2) assuring the quality of both basic and specialized health services; and 3) intensifying the current efforts to reduce the public health threats brought about by endemic, vaccine-preventable and priority diseases Although studies have yet to be done on the impact of reforming health service delivery, implementation of strategies to improve the hospital services and public health programs have shown some positive gains However, huge disparities in health outcomes across income groups and geographic areas and challenges in ascertaining physical and financial access to health services as evidenced by high out-of-pocket expenditures, concentration of physical and human resources for health in urban areas and migration of health professionals still exist The focus of future developments in health should be towards providing universal health care for Filipinos, starting with improving access of the poor and vulnerable to health services Source: APO, Philippines HiT Vol 1 No 2 2011

https://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0018/231516/HiT-Estonia.pdf

Health systems in transition.

Economic returns to schooling in urban China: OLS and the instrumental variables approach

World development report 2013: jobs

Estimating returns to schooling in urban China using conventional and heteroskedasticity-based instruments☆

This paper summarizes the micro-level survey evidence from Central Asia generated and analyzed between 1991 and 2012. We provide an exhaustive overview over all accessible individual and household-level surveys undertaken in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan - and of all English-language academic papers published using these datasets. We argue that Central Asia is a fascinating region for the study of comparative economics given its dual experience of transition and development. However, the region is also understudied, in part due to lack of data, and especially due to a lack of panel data. We identify knowledge gaps caused from this lack of longitudinal surveys and suggest worthwhile areas for future research. Finally, we also present the new and novel individual-level panel dataset called "Life in Kyrgyzstan".

/pdf/household-survey-data-for-research-on-well-being-and-4pumyixqvx.pdf

Household Survey Data for Research on Well-Being and Behavior in Central Asia

This paper examines rates of return to schooling in Kazakhstan using OLS (Ordinary Least Squares) and instrumental variable (IV) methodologies. We use spouse's education and smoking as instruments. We find that spouse's education is a valid instrument and that conventional OLS estimates that assume the exogenous nature of schooling, and hence do not control for endogeneity bias, may underestimate the true rates of return. The results indicate that the returns to schooling in Kazakhstan have increased with transition. This may reflect the relative scarcities of highly educated people in Kazakhstan with human capital that employers require and, following the market reforms, reward accordingly. JEL classifications: C13, I21, J24.

Returns to schooling in Kazakhstan:: OLS and instrumental variables approach

We use data from the Kazakhstan Labour Force Survey (KLFS) for the period 2006–2011 to examine factors that determine informality amongst self-employed men and women. In addition, the paper examines the response of informality propensities to the recent global crisis. The decomposition suggests that the reduction in the predicted probabilities of being informal is mainly attributable to the unexplained component. Individual characteristics have played a relatively small role, except for changes in tenure, hours of work and education. JEL classification: P29, O17

/pdf/informal-self-employment-in-kazakhstan-2lvrdvtrdu.pdf

Informal self-employment in Kazakhstan

Informality is heterogeneous, dynamic and difficult to quantify; the formal–informal gap in earnings is one major component of it that we wish to examine. Using the 2013 Kazakhstan Labor Force Survey, we analyze the returns that formal and informal workers receive for a given set of characteristics and also use a matching technique to decompose the gap. We observe that in Kazakhstan, there is a substantial earnings gap in favor of formal workers and that a quarter of the gap remains unexplained. Our study also highlights the importance of matching-based decomposition and distributional analysis in explaining the differences in earnings between formal and informal workers.

/pdf/informal-employment-in-kazakhstan-a-blessing-in-disguise-r4a84m7wl2.pdf

Informal employment in Kazakhstan: a blessing in disguise?

We use data from the Kazakhstan Labor Force Survey (KLFS) for the period 2006-2011 to examine causal factors that determine informal self-employment. In addition, the paper expands the analysis to consider gender differences in informality and examines the response of informality propensities to the recent global crisis. Our decomposition analysis shows that education, work hours and tenure in self-employment are particularly important determinants of business formalisation.

/pdf/informal-self-employment-in-kazakhstan-18vz83sasr.pdf

Informal Self-Employment in Kazakhstan

This paper examines political protest during the 1998 financial crisis in Russia. Major factors behind individuals’ propensity towards protest action were identified through the use of a theoretical model. We test the model with data from the Institute of Sociology (IS) survey. In the empirical estimations, economic and welfare factors emerge as significantly related to the likelihood of political protest. The estimates also imply that the predictors of future participation will not necessarily be predictors of actual participation.

https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm?abstractid=2281724

Altay Mussurov

Papers

Returns to schooling in Kazakhstan:: OLS and instrumental variables approach

Informal self-employment in Kazakhstan

Informal employment in Kazakhstan: a blessing in disguise?

Informal Self-Employment in Kazakhstan

Wage Arrears and Protest Behavior: What Do We Learn from Russia's Financial Crisis?