The effect of treatment with activity directed fractions of Vernonia amygdalina during acetaminophen - induced hepatotoxicity in wistar albino rats for 14 days was investigated. The 48 wistar albino rats used were divided into 8 groups of 6 rats each. Group 1 served as the normal control group and received only distilled water. Group 2 served as paracetamol control group and received only paracetamol. Groups 3-8 were treated with acetaminophen and activity directed fractions of Vernonia amygdalina. The extracts were obtained by fractionation of the crude ethanolic extract using organic solvents of increasing polarities. Paracetamol was administered at a dose of 171.41mg/kg and the fractions of vernonia amygdalina at 200mg/kg. At the end of the treatment with fractions of benzene, chloroform, ethyl acetate, butanol, methanol and residue E produced varying results in the level of total protein, albumin and globulin. Results obtained shows a significant decrease (P 0.05) in groups treated with fractions of vernonia amygdalina due to liver dysfunction. From the result significantly increased globulin levels (g/dl) in groups treated with residue E, methanol, and chloroform as well as increased total protein levels in the residue E , methanol, butanol, ethyl acetate , chloroform and butanol groups compared to the paracetamol group is indicative of the fact that the hepatoprotective principles of vernonia amygdalina may reside in these fractions.

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Total protein, albumin and globulin levels following the administration ofactivity directed fractions of Vernonia amygdalina during acetaminophen induced hepatotoxicity in wistar rats

Pericampylus glaucus is a common plant used traditionally for the remedies of urinary and kidney stones. Hence, present research was aimed to investigate the antiurolithiatic effect of ethanol extract of P. glaucus against ethylene glycol induced urolithiasis in male Sprague Dawley rats. The nephrolithiasis was induced by ethylene glycol (0.75% v/v) in drinking water over a period of 30 days. The animals were divided into normal, lithiatic and extract treated group that received ethanolic extract of P. glaucus at dose rate of 200 and 400 mg/kg (b.wt) by mouth. The calcium, phosphate, urine pH, oxalate, magnesium in urine and histopathalogical examination of the kidney were observed. A significant (p<0.01) increased in the levels of phosphate, calcium, oxalate, and an imbalance in kidney with decreased magnesium excretion in urine were observed in ethylene glycol induced urolithiasis as compared to normal control. Treatment with ethanolic extract of P. glaucus at dose of 200 and 400 mg/kg (b.wt) decreased significantly (p<0.01) the hyperoxaluria, calcium, phosphate, oxalate with significant (p<0.05) increased retention of urinary magnesium and improvement in the renal function as matched to lithiatic group. The histopathological examination showed the deposition of a large number of calcium oxalate crystal in lithiatic group while smaller depositions in 200 mg/kg (b.wt) extract treated group. The results confirmed the antiurolithiatic effect of P. glaucus in male Sprague Dawley rats and validate its traditional uses against urinary stone.

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Anti-Urolithiatic Effect of Pericampylus glaucus against Ethylene Glycol Induced Urolithiasis in Male Sprague Dawley Rats

Urolithiasis is formation of stony concretions in the kidney or bladder or in any part of urinary tract and stone recurrence is most frequently observed. Literature reveals there is no drug or treatment available to inhibit the formation of these caliculi. The present study aims at evaluating the antiurolithiatic activity of tamsulosin on experimentally induced urolithiasis on wistar albino rats. Urolithiasis was induced by oral administration of 1% v/v ethylene glycol in drinking water for 15 days in rats. Ingestion of Ethylene glycol results in hypercalcemia, hyperoxaluria, increased excretion of creatinine, phosphate and uric acid. Oral administration of Tamsulosin at doses of 0.5 mg/kg and 1 mg/kg for 7 days from 8th day to 15th day served as curative regimen significantly reduced the elevated levels of calcium, phosphate, creatinine and uric acid levels. Animals belonging to standard group received Allopurinol 500 mg/kg, p.o. for a period of 7 days 8th day to 15th day. Parameters such as urine volume, pH, urinary calcium output, serum creatinine, serum uric acid and calculi weight were measured at the end of the study. The histopathological studies were performed by sacrificing the animal; these represented disrupted renal parenchymal cells, degenerative changes in glomeruli, calcification in glomerulo tubular structures and microcrystal deposition in the sections of kidney from animals treated with ethylene glycol. In animals treated with Tamsulosin, reduction in calcium, phosphate, creatinine and uric acid levels, microcrystal deposition and calcification in glomerulo tubular structures was less compared to urolithiatic control group. These observations made us conclude that Tamsulosin showed anti-urolithiatic activity against ethylene glycol induced urolithiasis in rats.

In-Vitro Anti-Urolithiatic Evaluation of Tamsulosin against Urolithiasis Induced in Wistar Albino Rats

Medicinal plants have been used in healthcare since time immemorial. Studies have been carried out globally to verify their efficacy and some of the findings have led to the production of plant-based medicines. The global market value of medicinal plant products exceeds $100 billion per annum. This study was conducted to know the effect of Moringa oleifera leaf on Serum biochemistry of experimental exposed Wister rats. Moringa oleifera leaf was extracted with distilled water and concentrated to semisolid form with rotary evaporator at 42°C. Twenty apparently healthy rats weighing 128-233g were exposed to different concentration of Moringa oleifera aqueous leaf extract. Control group were exposed to only distill water. The animals were divided into 3 groups of five rats each, with Group-I exposed to 500 mg/kg crude extract. Group-II exposed to 1000 mg/kg crude extract and Group-III exposed to 2000 mg/kg crude extract. There significant difference (p< 0.05) in analyzed serum biochemical parameters (Creatinine, Urea, Aspartate amino transferase and Alanine amino transferase) between the experimental and control group. From this finding, it can be concluded that Moringa oleifera leaf extract up to 2000mg/kg is safe and cause slight changes in serum biochemistry. Toxicity studies of this plant extracts as well as phytochemical studies to reaffirm it effect in several body tissues and organs and identify the bioactive compounds are highly recommended.

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Effects of Moringa oleifera Aqueous Leaf Extract on Some Serum-biochemical Constituents on Wister Rats

Determination of glutathione reductase activity in normal epidermis

Aims: The current research was designed to explore the role of basil and/or celery leaves aqueous extracts against urinary stones (urolithiasis) and renal deteriorations induced by drinking water contaminated with ethylene glycol (EG) and ammonium chloride (AC) in male rats. Place and Duration of Study: The Medical Research Center of the Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt. The experiment duration was 35 days, 7 days for acclimatization followed by 28 days experimentation. Methodology: Fifty-five adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were classified randomly into 5 groups of ten animals each, except urolithiatic control group which contained 15 rats. Rats were treated as follow: Group I: healthy control group (HCG), rats drank distilled water and received a placebo 1 ml distilled water daily by intra-gastric tube ; Group II: urolithiatic control group (UCG), rats drank distilled water containing ( 0.75% EG and 1% AC ) and the access to water was ad libitum and received 1 ml distilled water daily by intra-gastric tube.; Group III : urolithiatic rats supplemented with aqueous basil extract(U+ABE), rats drank distilled water containing ( 0.75% EG and 1% AC) and the access to water was ad libitum and supplemented with (200mg/kg body weight) aqueous basil extract daily by intra-gastric tube.; Group IV: urolithiatic rats supplemented with aqueous celery Original Research Article Gabal; ARRB, 35(11): 52-65, 2020; Article no.ARRB.62116 53 extract(U+ACE), rats drank distilled water containing ( 0.75% EG and 1% AC) and the access to water was ad libitum and supplemented with (200mg/kg body weight) aqueous celery extract daily by intra-gastric tube. ; Group V: urolithiatic rats supplemented with aqueous basil and celery extract(U+ABE+ACE) , rats drank distilled water containing ( 0.75% EG and 1% AC) and the access to water was ad libitum and supplemented with (100mg/kg body weight) aqueous basil extract and (100mg/kg body weight) aqueous celery extract daily by intra-gastric tube. At the end of the study 28 days, 24 h urine samples were collected from each individual animal and then rats were sacrificed under sodium barbiturate anesthesia. Blood samples were collected from the hepatic portal vein, serum was separated for biochemical analyses. Kidney samples were separated for tissue homogenate preparation, urinary bladder and ureters were separated and opened to collect urinary calculi. Results: Research results documented that basil and celery aqueous extracts contain significant amount of active constituents including flavonoids and polyphenols. Drinking water contaminated with EG and AC caused significant decrease (p≤0.01) in urine volume, pH, urinary and renal magnesium levels with significant increase (p≤0.01) in urinary and renal calcium, phosphate and oxalate levels. It also caused significant increase in kidney function tests [serum creatinine, uric acid, urea, as well as cystatin C] levels .Also renal enzyme activities of [acidic phosphatase (ACP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP)] activities were significantly increased (p≤0.01) with significant decrease in renal lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity. Water contamination also induced renal mitochondrial dysfunction (decreased complex-1 activity), apoptosis (increased caspase-3 activity) in association with a state of renal oxidative stress [increased renal malondialdehyde (MDA) level related to decreased renal reduced glutathione (GSH)level and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity].Inflammation [increased renal tumor necrosis factoralpha (TNFα) and interleukin 18 (IL-18)] with suppressed immune function [decreased serum immunoglobulin (IgG and IgM)] levels were observed in urolithiatic control group. As a result of biochemical changes resulted from EG and AM administration mineral precipitation and urinary stones formation was observed in urolithiatic control group. Oral administration of aqueous basil and /or celery extracts to urolithiatic rats improved urine analysis parameters, renal functions, renal enzymes activities and mitochondrial function. Aqueous extracts also counteracted renal oxidative stress, inflammation, suppressed immune response and urinary stones formation. Conclusion: Research results proved that aqueous basil and/or celery extracts counteracted and ameliorated urinary stones formation and renal deteriorations associated with drinking water contaminated with EG and AC due to their content of active constituents including flavonoids and polyphenols. The most significant improvements were recorded in the group supplemented with both extracts.

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Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) and/or Celery (Apium graveolens L.) Leaves Aqueous Extracts Role in Opposition to Drinking Contaminated Water Induced Male Rats Urinary Stones and Renal Deteriorations

This study was conducted to investigate the biochemical effects of Paracetamol which chemically named as N-acetyl-p-aminophenol (APAP) high dose on experimental animals and to study the anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antioxidant and hepatoprotective activity of oil (ethanolic) and aqueous (water) extracts of Moringa oleifera (M. oleifera)  leaves supplementation as well as choosing the best extract. This study was carried out on eighty three male adult albino rats of Sprague-Dawely strains which were divided into eight groups, of ten animals each except APAP control group were composed of thirteen rats, all rats were fed commercial diet. Group (I): rats received a placebo 1g of 0.9% normal saline by oral intubation daily, while other groups received a high dose of APAP (1g APAP/kg body weight) daily by oral intubation to induce hepatotoxicity. Group (II): rats received APAP dose daily without any treatments. Groups (III, IV and V): rats received APAP dose and supplemented with water extract of M.olifera at three tested doses (200,300 and 400mg/Kg body weight) respectively daily by oral intubation. While groups (VI, VII and VIII), rats received APAP dose and supplemented with ethanolic extracts of M.olifera at three tested doses (200,300 and 400mg /Kg body weight) respectively daily for four weeks.
    At the end of the experimental period (four weeks) rats were anesthetized using diethyl ether anesthesia after overnight fasting. Blood samples were collected from the hepatic portal vein and serum was separated for analysis. Then rats sacrificed and abdomen was opened at greater curvature as liver and spleen were removed for biochemical and microscopical examination.
    The present study showed that APAP administration caused a significant increase in the level of hepatic protein carbonyl group (PCG), malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) levels. On the other hand, reduced blood glutathione (GSH) level, serum catalase (CAT), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and glutathione reductase (GR) activities as well as serum immunoglobulins (IgG and IgM) levels were significantly decreased compared to healthy control group at (p≤0.05). The inflammatory markers like serum tumor necrosis factor  alpha (TNF- α), interleukin 1 beta (IL1b) levels and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity                         
 
 
Corresponding author:Sayed_abdrahman@yahoo.com
increased in APAP control group. The study revealed the toxic effect of APAP on the liver function enzymes asserum- glutamyltransferase (GT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST),
and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activities were significantly increased in APAP control group compared to healthy control group at (p≤0.05).  Administration of water or ethanolic extracts at the tested doses (200,300 and 400mg/Kg body weight of rats) daily resulted in a significant decrease in oxidative biomarkers, inflammatory markers, liver function enzymes activities and significant improvement in antioxidants levels and the immune function as compared with APAP hepatotoxicated rats at (p≤0.05).Results of this study suggested that ethanolic extracts were more effective and the highest improvements were found in group which treated with the highest dose of the ethanolic extract (400mg/kg body weight).

https://jsrs.journals.ekb.eg/article_14122_72f9a5e76d23e1078a01aeaddedb4034.pdf

Alyae M. S. Gabal

Papers

Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) and/or Celery (Apium graveolens L.) Leaves Aqueous Extracts Role in Opposition to Drinking Contaminated Water Induced Male Rats Urinary Stones and Renal Deteriorations

Comparative Study of Water and Oil Extracts of Moringa (Moringa oleifera) Leaves on Immune Response and Hepatic Oxidative Status in Rats