Content analysis is a widely used qualitative research technique. Rather than being a single method, current applications of content analysis show three distinct approaches: conventional, directed, or summative. All three approaches are used to interpret meaning from the content of text data and, hence, adhere to the naturalistic paradigm. The major differences among the approaches are coding schemes, origins of codes, and threats to trustworthiness. In conventional content analysis, coding categories are derived directly from the text data. With a directed approach, analysis starts with a theory or relevant research findings as guidance for initial codes. A summative content analysis involves counting and comparisons, usually of keywords or content, followed by the interpretation of the underlying context. The authors delineate analytic procedures specific to each approach and techniques addressing trustworthiness with hypothetical examples drawn from the area of end-of-life care.

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Three Approaches to Qualitative Content Analysis

http://www.bwgriffin.com/gsu/courses/edur7130/content/Qualitative_content_analysis_Graneheim_Lundman_2003.pdf

Qualitative content analysis in nursing research: concepts, procedures and measures to achieve trustworthiness

Basics of qualitative research: Grounded theory procedures and techniques

The Foundations of Qualitative Research - Rachel Ormston, Liz Spencer, Matt Barnard, Dawn Snape The Applications of Qualitative Methods to Social Research - Jane Ritchie and Rachel Ormston Design Issues - Jane Lewis and Carol McNaughton Nicholls Ethics of Qualitative Research - Stephen Webster, Jane Lewis and Ashley Brown Designing and Selecting Samples - Jane Ritchie, Jane Lewis, Gilliam Elam, Rosalind Tennant and Nilufer Rahim Designing Fieldwork - Sue Arthur, Martin Mitchell, Jane Lewis and Carol McNaughton Nicholls In-depth Interviews - Alice Yeo, Robin Legard, Jill Keegan, Kit Ward, Carol McNaughton Nicholls and Jane Lewis Focus Groups - Helen Finch, Jane Lewis, and Caroline Turley Observation - Carol McNaughton Nicholls, Lisa Mills and Mehul Kotecha Analysis: Principles and Processes - Liz Spencer, Jane Ritchie, Rachel Ormston, William O'Connor and Matt Barnard Traditions and approaches Analysis in practice - Liz Spencer, Jane Ritchie, William O'Connor, Gareth Morrell and Rachel Ormston Generalisability Writing up qualitative Research - Clarissa White, Kandy Woodfield, Jane Ritchie and Rachel Ormston

/pdf/qualitative-research-practice-a-guide-for-social-science-l4y32se0bj.pdf

Qualitative Research Practice: A Guide for Social Science Students and Researchers

This article examines the function of documents as a data source in qualitative research and discusses document analysis procedure in the context of actual research experiences. Targeted to research novices, the article takes a nuts‐and‐bolts approach to document analysis. It describes the nature and forms of documents, outlines the advantages and limitations of document analysis, and offers specific examples of the use of documents in the research process. The application of document analysis to a grounded theory study is illustrated.

Document Analysis as a Qualitative Research Method

Originally published in Contemporary Psychology: APA Review of Books, 1997, Vol 42(7), 650-650. In Making Sense of Qualitative Data: Complementary Research Strategies (see record 1996-98161-000), Coffey and Atkinson present general strategies and philosophies for collecting and utilizing qualitative

Making sense of qualitative data

Introduction Locating the Self The Interpersonal Field The Embodiment of Fieldwork The Sex(ual) Field Romancing the Field Writing the Self (Re)Presenting the Field Consequences and Commitments

The Ethnographic Self: Fieldwork and the Representation of Identity

The Ethnographic Self

Analysing documentary realities

In this paper we address a number of contemporary themes concerning the analysis of qualitative data and the ethnographic representation of social realities. A contrast is drawn. On the one hand, a...

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.5153/sro.1

Amanda Coffey

Papers

Making sense of qualitative data

The Ethnographic Self: Fieldwork and the Representation of Identity

The Ethnographic Self

Analysing documentary realities

Qualitative Data Analysis: Technologies and Representations: