Determination of organochlorine pesticide residue in sediment and water from the Densu river basin, Ghana.

Occurrence and sources of selected organochlorine pesticides in the soil of seven major Indian cities: Assessment of air-soil exchange.

Analysis of industrial contaminants in indoor air. Part 2. Emergent contaminants and pesticides.

Electron ionization gas chromatography-mass spectrometric determination of residues of thirteen pyrethroid insecticides in whole blood

Chronic exposure to pyrethroid-based allethrin and prallethrin mosquito repellents alters plasma biochemical profile.

Three types of mosquito repellent [two different mosquito
coils containing allethrin 0.1% w/w and transfluthrin 0.03%
w/w, an aerosol sample containing a combination of two pyrethroid molecules (deltamethrin
0.02% w/w + allethrin 0.13% w/w)
and two different mosquito mats containing esbiothrin 2.0% w/w
and prallethrin 1.5% w/w as active ingredients] were individually
subjected to use in a closed room. Air samples from the room were drawn at
different time intervals (15, 30 and 45 min, and 1, 2, 4, 6 and
8 h) uniformly from three different positions in the room (top,
middle and bottom) with the pyrethroid contents analysed using gas chromatography-electron
capture detection (GC-ECD). Analysis of air samples showed maximum
concentrations of the pyrethroid residues allethrin (0.0120 ppm),
transfluthrin (0.0134 ppm), deltamethrin (0.0057 ppm),
allethrin (0.080 ppm), esbiothrin (0.015 ppm)
and prallethrin (0.0138 ppm) within 30–45 min
of use. The drop in residue content was significant with time. At the end
of a 6 h period, most of the residues had dissipated to below 0.0001 ppm.
Further significant differences were observed in the residue contents tested
at different points within the room. Studies were compared with the experimental
results obtained when the mosquito repellents were tested with air circulation
in the room.

Monitoring of allethrin, deltamethrin, esbiothrin, prallethrin and transfluthrin in air during the use of household mosquito repellents

A detailed study has been conducted to evaluate the residues of endosulfan and its principal metabolite (alpha-endosulfan, beta-endosulfan and endosulfan sulfate) which may have accumulated in environmental samples due to regular aerial spray application of endosulfan on cashew leaf plantation for a period of 20 years. Three months after the last spray of endosulfan 350 g litre-1 EC at 300 ml acre-1 (equivalent to 105 g AI acre-1 = 42.5 g ha-1), a total of 93 samples of cow milk, fish, water, soil and dried cashew leaf were collected from a village in Kasargode District, Kerala, India, where endosulfan contamination was likely to have occurred. All the samples were analyzed for total residues of endosulfan (comprising alpha- and beta-endosulfan), endosulfan sulfate and also the potential hydrolysis product endosulfan diol, using gas chromatography with electron capture detection. The minimum detection limits of total endosulfan was 0.001 microgram g-1. Analysis of soil samples showed the deposition of total endosulfan residues in the range < 0.001-0.010 microgram g-1, and dried leaf samples showed residues of endosulfan in the range < 0.001-3.43 micrograms g-1 dry weight. In cow milk, fish and water, endosulfan residues could not be detected above the minimum detection limit. Endosulfan diol was not observed in any sample. The data obtained was confirmed by GC-MS-EI using selective ion monitoring (SIM) mode.

Environmental exposure to residues after aerial spraying of endosulfan: residues in cow milk, fish, water, soil and cashew leaf in Kasargode, Kerala, India.

A D-trans-allethrin-based mosquito repellent coil formulation was used continuously in a room for 30 d. Two different experiments were conducted and the deposition of residues on different surfaces of the room was determined. Studies were conducted continuously for a period of 30 d in a fully closed room and in another room kept open for 14 h per day. The residues deposited on different surfaces, ceiling, side walls and floor, were measured. The results showed the accumulation of high concentrations of allethrin on all the surfaces of the room when the room was in a fully closed condition. Samples collected from the ceiling showed residues of D-trans-allethrin of 6.34–148.63 µg m−2 during the 30 d study, the side walls 4.68–170.72 µg m−2 and the floor 20.00–184.52 µg m−2 Maximum residues were observed in 30 d samples collected from the ceiling and floor.
The residual concentrations were nearly 10 times higher in samples collected from the closed room. Discontinuation of the use of the mosquito repellent after 30 d led to a gradual decrease in the concentrations of residues on all the surfaces. The influence of environmental parameters on the dissipation of residues was also studied.

Ambalatharasu Vijayalakshmi

Papers

Monitoring of allethrin, deltamethrin, esbiothrin, prallethrin and transfluthrin in air during the use of household mosquito repellents

Environmental exposure to residues after aerial spraying of endosulfan: residues in cow milk, fish, water, soil and cashew leaf in Kasargode, Kerala, India.

Impact of long-term exposure to mosquito coils: residual deposition and dissipation of D-trans-allethrin in a room