http://www.ced.berkeley.edu/downloads/research/LUP.parks.pdf

Urban green space, public health, and environmental justice: The challenge of making cities ‘just green enough’

Quasi-experimentation - design and analysis issues for field settings - cook,td, campbell,dt

https://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lancet/PIIS0140-6736(08)61689-X.pdf

Effect of exposure to natural environment on health inequalities: an observational population study

Effect of exposure to natural environment on health inequalities : an observational population study. Commentary

https://nacto.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/Infrastructure-Programs-and-Policies-to-Increase-Bicycling-An-International-Review.pdf

Infrastructure, programs, and policies to increase bicycling: An international review

Objectives. Parks provide places for people to experience nature, engage in physical activity, and relax. We studied how residents in low-income, minority communities use public, urban neighborhood parks and how parks contribute to physical activity.Methods. In 8 public parks, we used direct observation to document the number, gender, race/ethnicity, age group, and activity level of park users 4 times per day, 7 days per week. We also interviewed 713 park users and 605 area residents living within 2 miles of each park.Results. On average, over 2000 individuals were counted in each park, and about two thirds were sedentary when observed. More males than females used the parks, and males were twice as likely to be vigorously active. Interviewees identified the park as the most common place they exercised. Both park use and exercise levels of individuals were predicted by proximity of their residence to the park.Conclusions. Public parks are critical resources for physical activity in minority communities. B...

Contribution of Public Parks to Physical Activity

Background: New tools are needed to examine physical activity and the contexts in which it occurs. Community parks contribute to physical activity, but measuring activity and associated variables in them is challenging because area contexts change and the numbers and characteristics of users are highly variable. Methods: We developed SOPARC (System for Observing Play and Recreation in Communities) and tested its use by observing 16,244 individuals in 165 park areas. Reliabilities included 472 simultaneous measures by independent observers. Results: Correlations between observers on number of area participants was 0.99 for female and male park users. Reliabilities (i.e., percent agreement) for age (89%, females; 85%, males), race/ethnic (80%, females; 82%, males), and activity level (80%, females; 88%, males) groupings met acceptable criteria. Reliabilities for area contexts (i.e., usable, accessible, supervised, organized, equipped) exceeded 94%. Conclusions: SOPARC is a reliable and feasible instrument for assessing physical activity and associated contextual data in community settings.

/pdf/system-for-observing-play-and-recreation-in-communities-egeoby598q.pdf

System for Observing Play and Recreation in Communities (SOPARC): Reliability and Feasibility Measures

https://activelivingresearch.org/files/Concurrent_PolicyEval_Cohen.pdf

Effects of Park Improvements on Park Use and Physical Activity: Policy and Programming Implications

It is assumed that higher quality recreation facilities promote physical activity and serve communities better We tested this assumption by comparing changes in the use of an expanded and renovated skate park (a facility for skateboarding) and a modernized senior citizen's center to two similar facilities that were not refurbished The skate park was nearly tripled in size, and the senior center was remodeled and received new exercise equipment, a courtyard garden, and modern architectural features We assessed use of these facilities through direct observation and surveyed both facility users and residents living within 2 miles of each facility We found that making improvements to facilities alone will not always guarantee increased use Although there was a 510% increase in use of the expanded skate park compared to a 77% increase in the comparison skate park, the senior center had substantially fewer users and provided fewer hours of exercise classes and other programmed activities after the facility was renovated The implication of our study is that use results from a complex equation that includes not only higher quality recreation facilities but also progamming, staffing, fees, hours of operation, marketing, outreach, and perhaps a host of other human factors

/pdf/new-recreational-facilities-for-the-young-and-the-old-in-los-3o9mblttpg.pdf

New Recreational Facilities for the Young and the Old in Los Angeles: Policy and Programming Implications

In 1996, California provided funding to 14 county probation agencies to implement multiagency, comprehensive services to keep troubled youths from recommitting crime and progressing farther into the justice system. We report results of a randomized experiment used to evaluate Ventura County’s 4-year demonstration project called the South Oxnard Challenge Project (SOCP). We followed youths for more than 2 years after random assignment to SOCP or routine probation. We found no significant differences between SOCP and routine juvenile probationers on recidivism or other official-record outcomes. Although most youths were rearrested, most did not receive a sustained petition or incarceration. The modest additional services did not affect outcomes.

Amber Sehgal

Papers

Contribution of Public Parks to Physical Activity

System for Observing Play and Recreation in Communities (SOPARC): Reliability and Feasibility Measures

Effects of Park Improvements on Park Use and Physical Activity: Policy and Programming Implications

New Recreational Facilities for the Young and the Old in Los Angeles: Policy and Programming Implications

Evaluating an Experimental Intensive Juvenile Probation Program: Supervision and Official Outcomes