As companies strive to develop artefacts intended for services instead of traditional sell-off, new challenges in the product development process arise to promote continuous improvement and increasing market profits. This creates a focus on product life-cycle components as companies then make life-cycle commitments, where they are responsible for the function availability during the extent of the life-cycle, i.e. functional products. One of these life-cycle components is manufacturing; therefore, companies search for new approaches of success during manufacturability evaluation already in engineering design. Efforts have been done to support early engineering design, as this phase sets constraints and opportunities for manufacturing. These efforts have turned into design for manufacturing methods and guidelines. A further step to improve the life-cycle focus during early engineering design is to reuse results and use experience from earlier projects. However, because results and experiences created during project work are often not documented for reuse, only remembered by some people, there is a need for design support. Knowledge engineering (KE) is a methodology for creating knowledge-based systems, e.g. systems that enable reuse of earlier results and make available both explicit and tacit corporate knowledge, enabling the automated generation and evaluation of new engineering design solutions during early product development. There are a variety of KE-approaches, such as knowledge-based engineering, case-based reasoning and programming, which have been used in research to develop design for manufacturing methods and applications. There are, however, opportunities for research where several approaches and their interdependencies, to create a transparent picture of how KE can be used to support engineering design, are investigated. The aim of the research presented in this thesis is to create new methods for design for manufacturing, by using several approaches of KE, and find the beneficial and less beneficial aspects of these methods in comparison to each other and earlier research. This thesis presents methods and applications for design for manufacturing using KE. KE has been employed in several ways, namely rule-based, rule-, programmingand finite element analysis (FEA)-based, and ruleand plan-based, which are tested and compared with each other. Results show that KE can be used to generate information about manufacturing in several ways. The rule-based way is suitable for supporting life-cycle commitments, as engineering design and manufacturing can be integrated with maintenance and performance predictions during early engineering design, though limited to the firing of production rules. The rule-, programmingand FEA-based way can be used to integrate computer-aided design tools and virtual manufacturing for non-linear stress and displacement analysis. This way may also bridge the gap between engineering designers and computational experts, even though this way requires a larger effort to program than the rule-based. The ruleand planbased way can enable design for manufacturing in two fashions – based on earlier manufacturing plans and based on rules. Because earlier manufacturing plans, together with programming algorithms, can handle knowledge that may be more intricate to capture as rules, as opposed to the time demanding routine work that is often automated by means of rules, several opportunities for designing for manufacturing exist.

Methods and Applications

该文通过添加不同浓度的植酸于黄曲霉菌(Aspergillus flavus)培养基中,用不同添加方式,于不同生长时刻测定黄曲霉菌糖化力,研究植酸对黄曲霉菌糖化力的影响.结果表明加入植酸后黄曲霉菌糖化力均有很大提高,可为工业生产带来可观的经济效益.植酸最佳作用浓度范围是0.20%～0.25%,发酵24h糖化力最大可提高44.32%.

植酸对黄曲霉菌（Aspergillus flavus）糖化力的影响

https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/ws/files/51401086/PIIS0165614720301656.pdf

Can Activation of NRF2 Be a Strategy against COVID-19?

The Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) outbreak originating in Wuhan, China, has raised global health concerns and the pandemic has now been reported on all inhabited continents Hitherto, no antiviral drug is available to combat this viral outbreak Keeping in mind the urgency of the situation, the current study was designed to devise new strategies for drug discovery and/or repositioning against SARS-CoV-2 In the current study, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), which regulates viral replication, is proposed as a potential therapeutic target to inhibit viral infection Evolutionary studies of whole-genome sequences of SARS-CoV-2 represent high similarity (> 90%) with other SARS viruses Targeting the RdRp active sites, ASP760 and ASP761, by antiviral drugs could be a potential therapeutic option for inhibition of coronavirus RdRp, and thus viral replication Target-based virtual screening and molecular docking results show that the antiviral Galidesivir and its structurally similar compounds have shown promise against SARS-CoV-2 The anti-polymerase drugs predicted here—CID123624208 and CID11687749—may be considered for in vitro and in vivo clinical trials

/pdf/analysis-of-sars-cov-2-rna-dependent-rna-polymerase-as-a-1t5y47psc6.pdf

Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase as a potential therapeutic drug target using a computational approach.

This research gives the results of a proximate analysis (moisture, ash, crude protein, fat, total carbohydrates, and total energy); a bioactive compounds analysis (γ-aminobutyric acid [GABA], ergothioneine, lovastatin, and cordycepin); fatty acid and amino acid analysis; and an analysis of macro- and microelement content of fruit bodies and mycelia of 15 higher Basidiomycetes medicinal mushroom strains belonging to 12 species. The results obtained demonstrate that almost all investigated mushrooms were found to be good sources of proteins and carbohydrates, with content varying in the ranges of 8.6-42.5% and 42.9-83.6%, respectively. Different species exhibited distinct free amino acid profiles. The total amino acid content was highest in Ophiocordyceps sinensis (MB) (23.84 mg/g) and Cordyceps militaris (FB) (23.69 mg/g). The quantification of the identified fatty acids indicated that, in general, palmitic acid, oleic acid, stearic acid, and linoleic acid were the major fatty acids. The micro- and macroelement compositions were studied, and the highest results were (as milligrams per kilogram) 224-7307 for calcium, 1668-38564 for potassium, 1091-11676 for phosphorus, and 5-97 for zinc. Bioactive components were lovastatin, GABA, and ergothioneine, which are commonly found in most mushrooms. C. militaris (FB), Pleurotus ostreatus (FB), and Coprinus comatus (FB) were most abundant and contained a high amount of GABA (756.30 μg/g, 1304.99 μg/g, 1092.45 μg/g, respectively) and ergothioneine (409.88 μg/g, 2443.53 μg/g, 764.35 μg/g, respectively). The highest lovastatin content was observed in Hericium erinaceus (FB) (14.38 μg/g) and Ganoderma lucidum (FB) (11.54 μg/g). In contrast to C. militaris (FB), cordycepin was not detected in O. sinensis (MB). The fruit body biomass of C. militaris cordycepin content reached 1.743 mg/g dry weight. The nutritional values of the mushroom species studied here could potentially be used in well-balanced diets and as sources of bioactive compounds.

Chemical composition and nutritional and medicinal value of fruit bodies and submerged cultured mycelia of culinary-medicinal higher Basidiomycetes mushrooms.

Dengue virus (DENV) infection causes serious health problems in humans for which no drug is currently available. Recently, DENV NS2B-NS3 protease has been proposed as a primary target for anti-dengue drug discovery due to its important role in new virus particle formation by conducting DENV polyprotein cleavage. Triterpenoids from the medicinal fungus Ganoderma lucidum have been suggested as pharmacologically bioactive compounds and tested as anti-viral agents against various viral pathogens including human immunodeficiency virus. However, no reports are available concerning the anti-viral activity of triterpenoids from Ganoderma lucidum against DENV. Therefore, we employed a virtual screening approach to predict the functional triterpenoids from Ganoderma lucidum as potential inhibitors of DENV NS2B-NS3 protease, followed by an in vitro assay. From in silico analysis of twenty-two triterpenoids of Ganoderma lucidum, four triterpenoids, viz. Ganodermanontriol (−6.291 kcal/mol), Lucidumol A (−5.993 kcal/mol), Ganoderic acid C2 (−5.948 kcal/mol) and Ganosporeric acid A (−5.983 kcal/mol) were predicted to be viral protease inhibitors by comparison to reference inhibitor 1,8-Dihydroxy-4,5-dinitroanthraquinone (−5.377 kcal/mol). These results were further studied for binding affinity and stability using the molecular mechanics/generalized Born surface area method and Molecular Dynamics simulations, respectively. Also, in vitro viral infection inhibition suggested that Ganodermanontriol is a potent bioactive triterpenoid.

/pdf/discovery-of-ganoderma-lucidum-triterpenoids-as-potential-55zdu3uopt.pdf

Discovery of Ganoderma lucidum triterpenoids as potential inhibitors against Dengue virus NS2B-NS3 protease.

Potential eco-distribution mapping of Myrica esculenta in northwestern Himalayas

Higher Basidiomycetes possess various medicinal properties. They also offer important health benefits and exhibit a broad spectrum of pharmacological activities including antihyperlipidemic, antiba...

Lovastatin: A Journey from Ascomycetes to Basidiomycetes Fungi

The in vitro fungitoxicity of the essential oil (EO), crude extracts, dried fractions and ursolic acid (UA) isolated from the abundantly available and underutilised leaves of Eucalyptus hybrid (Eucalyptus camaldulensis × Eucalyptus tereticornis) was assessed against three plant pathogenic fungi Aspergillus niger, Fusarium solani and Ganoderma lucidum causing pathogenesis in seeds, seedlings and trees, respectively, and Trametes versicolor and Pycnoporous sanguineus making wood to decay. The EO, methanol extract and UA demonstrated varied antifungal activity against all the fungi with minimum inhibitory concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 3.0%. The results of the study demonstrate a new chemical utilisation approach of the leaves of Eucalyptus hybrid towards the development of biofungicides in the management of above fungi of common occurrence in Indian forestry.

Antifungal activity of phytochemicals from Eucalyptus hybrid leaves against some plant pathogenic and wood decay fungi

The worldwide sustenance and wholesome security of the expanding population is a generous test, which searches for new harvest (better yield from conventional ones) as a wellspring of nourishment sustenance and recoveries from malnutrition and food scarcity. Alluding to it, mushrooms discover some help which can be developed even via landless individuals, that too on decaying material and could be a source for proteinaceous sustenance. Metric huge amounts of natural waste and buildups are created every year which can possibly be reused as a substrate for mushroom cultivation. Mushroom cultivation being an indoor movement, requires less work and benefit adventure gives abundant chances to jobless.

http://journals.ansfoundation.org/index.php/jans/article/download/1941/1720

Amit Pandey

Papers

Discovery of Ganoderma lucidum triterpenoids as potential inhibitors against Dengue virus NS2B-NS3 protease.

Potential eco-distribution mapping of Myrica esculenta in northwestern Himalayas

Lovastatin: A Journey from Ascomycetes to Basidiomycetes Fungi

Antifungal activity of phytochemicals from Eucalyptus hybrid leaves against some plant pathogenic and wood decay fungi

Mushroom cultivation: Substantial key to food security