Part I: AN INTRODUCTION TO INQUIRY. 1. Human Inquiry and Science. 2. Paradigms, Theory, and Research. 3. The Ethics and Politics of Social Research. Part II: THE STRUCTURING OF INQUIRY: QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE. 4. Research Design. 5. Conceptualization, Operationalization, and Measurement. 6. Indexes, Scales, and Typologies. 7. The Logic of Sampling. Part III: MODES OF OBSERVATION: QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE. 8. Experiments. 9. Survey Research. 10. Qualitative Field Research. 11. Unobtrusive Research. 12. Evaluation Research. Part IV: ANALYSIS OF DATA:QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE . 13. Qualitative Data Analysis. 14. Quantitative Data Analysis. 15. Reading and Writing Social Research. Appendix A. Using the Library. Appendix B. Random Numbers. Appendix C. Distribution of Chi Square. Appendix D. Normal Curve Areas. Appendix E. Estimated Sampling Error.

社会研究方法基础 = The Basics of Social Research

Travel time reliability is a fundamental factor in travel behavior. It represents the temporal uncertainty experienced by users in their movement between any two nodes in a network. The importance of the time reliability depends on the penalties incurred by the users. In road networks, travelers consider the existence of a trip travel time uncertainty in different choice situations (departure time, route, mode, and others). In this paper, a systematic review of the current state of research in travel time reliability, and more explicitly in the value of travel time reliability is presented. Moreover, a meta-analysis is performed in order to determine the reasons behind the discrepancy among the reliability estimates.

Value of Travel Time Reliability: A Review of Current Evidence

considerations. Biomedical Research Involving Animals is a report of the proceedings of the 1983 conference which discussed a draft of the Guiding Principles for Research using Animals presented at the conference and which it was hoped would provide widely applicable criteria for establishing codes of practice or legislation concerning the use of laboratory animals for scientific purposes. Whilst no one could fault the intention, the list of participants emphasises the rather one-sided nature of the proceedings. Of some 200 participants, scientists outnumbered animal welfarists by more than 20 to 1. The sooner those involved in any of the scientific disciplines accept that responsible lay opinion in all areas where the welfare of man or animal is at stake must be given equal weight with scientific opinion, the better. The attitude expressed by one scientist at the round table conference that those who are not in favour of experiments with animals simply do not understand what basic scientific method is about, is no longer true or acceptable. Nevertheless, Biomedical Research InvolvingAnimals is a useful selection of papers and discussions on this controversial and contentious issue. The conference was divided into three sessions, each of which included three or four papers followed by discussion: Scientific Progress and Research Involving Animals; Determinants of Future Policy Regarding Research Involving Animals, and Care and Protection of Laboratory Animals. The book ends with reports and summaries by the session chairmen. I found the most interesting and useful paper was that of Dr Zimmermann, of the International Association for the Study of Pain, on Ethical Considerations in Relation to Pain in Animal Experimentation. In discussion, Dr Zimmermann makes the point which should give pause for thought to all those involved in experimental research:

https://jme.bmj.com/content/medethics/12/1/50.full.pdf

Just Health Care.

Qualitative Research Methods in Human Geography

Accessibility is one of the most important outcomes of the transportation system. Public transport can be more attractive by providing "Door to door mobility" and development of transportation services is an important factor of social quality. Public transport accessibility has gained vital importance in designing and evaluating the transit system in terms of mobility and sustainability. Apart from the transport system itself, public transport accessibility has the considerable impact on life satisfaction in the form of perceived accessibility. Moreover, researchers have revealed several impact and correlation of provision of public transport accessibility to the environment and daily life which would have a noticeable impact on public health and other aspects of public daily life. Furthermore, the correlation between public transport accessibility and job opportunities has attracted the researchers' attention in the literature. Also, public participation in social activities has been investigated based on public transport accessibility and their close connection has been revealed under the topic of social exclusion. In this paper, the available literature on public transport accessibility has been reviewed. As a conclusion, it should be highlighted that not just the performance of public transportation but its impact on other social aspects should be considered while planning the public transport facilities.

/pdf/public-transport-accessibility-a-literature-review-5g0npz5vrh.pdf

Public Transport Accessibility: A Literature Review

A multi-criteria approach of assessing public transport accessibility at a strategic level

Abstract The propagation of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic had resulted in a significant slowdown of economic activities worldwide. Teleworking practices and policies could play a significant and essential role of any business continuity plan in time of risk that prohibits employees from performing their working tasks at their regular workplace or offices. Hence, telework gives those employees the opportunity to perform their work tasks remotely and keep the organization operational. The aim of this study is to examine the impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on promoting telework practices. This study discusses the transition to telework during the COVID‐19 pandemic and the continuity of teleworking practices after the pandemic. Furthermore, the study discusses what elements and interventions that are necessary to maximize the potential gains for more widespread telework for employers and employees. Adopting telework in this circumstance can reduce the negative impact of the pandemic and be a mitigating measure for the economy and inequality. This research is important because it analyses the benefits of implementing telework practices in a time of risk.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/wusa.12498

Can COVID ‐19 mitigation measures promote telework practices?

The aim of the study is, therefore, to analyze the formation of the UHIs in eight different cities in arid and semi-arid regions. The analysis is based on land cover (LC) classification (urban, green, and bare areas). The study found that bare areas had the highest mean LST values compared to the urban and green areas. The results show that the difference in temperatures between the bare areas and the urban areas ranges between 1 and 2 °C, between the bare areas and green areas ranges between 1 and 7 °C, and between the urban areas and green areas ranges between 1 and 5 °C. Furthermore, the LST values varied for each of the LULC categories, and hence some areas in the three categories had lower or higher LST values than in other categories. Hence, one category may not always have the highest LST value compared to other categories. The outcomes of this study may, therefore, have critical implications for urban planners who seek to mitigate UHI effects in arid and semi-arid urban areas.

/pdf/analysis-of-urban-heat-island-characteristics-and-mitigation-io061osrrd.pdf

Analysis of urban heat island characteristics and mitigation strategies for eight arid and semi-arid gulf region cities.

The water-energy-food (WEF) nexus is the subject of much research focusing on different aspects, a wide range of issues, and development of a variety of models and tools. This study takes a different approach by developing a holistic framework that concentrates on the spatial elements of continuity and change associated with WEF transition on national, regional, and international scale. The study also investigates the interconnected challenges that could affect these resources and the actions and polices that should be taken on different geographical scales to address these challenges. The results can help practitioners and policy makers gain a clearer understanding of the state of the knowledge when performing WEF nexus assessments at different geographical scales.

Ammar Abulibdeh

Papers

A multi-criteria approach of assessing public transport accessibility at a strategic level

Can COVID ‐19 mitigation measures promote telework practices?

Analysis of urban heat island characteristics and mitigation strategies for eight arid and semi-arid gulf region cities.

Managing the water-energy-food nexus on an integrated geographical scale

Spatiotemporal analysis of water-electricity consumption in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic across six socioeconomic sectors in Doha City, Qatar.