This article examines intimate partnership violence as a question of criminal justice policy in Finland, and contributes to criminological discussions regarding oft-stated connections between the politicization of the victim, the treatment of offenders, and repressive criminal justice policies. In this discussion, legislation aiming to regulate and prevent violence against women has often been utilized as an example of such punitive policies. Although criminal policies in Nordic countries differ significantly from more punitive Anglophone policies, punitive tendencies, it has been argued, have increased in the former, too. This article analyzes the change in legal regulations and the criminal political status of intimate partner violence in Finland between 1990 and 2004, while examining the juxtaposition of victims and offenders alongside repressive demands.

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The Rise of the Crime Victim and Punitive Policies? Changes to the Legal Regulation of Intimate Partner Violence in Finland:

This article discusses how practices in the Spanish criminal justice system relate to Organic Law 1/2004 on measures against gender-based violence. We examine the predominant construction of the pr...

A Feminist Law Meets an Androcentric Criminal Justice System: Gender-Based Violence in Spain:

Judicial cooperation between EU member States shows us the limits of the EU. These limits are not only encountered by the European legislator; national legislators and judges encounter them too. The existence of different legal systems complicates mutual recognition. The difficulties during the creation process of the Directive 2011/99/EU on the European Protection Order show us how much the EU needs to be built still. During the negotiations there was a real political will and the member States had the necessary sensitivity to propose the creation of protection measures at a European level. What failed was the lack of previous harmonization which exceedingly complicates mutual recognition and the refusal from the member States to let go of their last redoubt of national sovereignty. Gender-based violence victims find an additional problem: the non-existence of a gender concept in the EU. We must ask ourselves if we are building the EU in a proper way. Throughout this article we will discuss the creation of a European Criminal Law with gender-based violence victims as an example. At the end we propose several measures in order to fight against ignorance and fear towards using mutual recognition instruments.

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European Judicial Cooperation and Protection of Gender-Based Violence Victims, Fact or Fiction?

The studies carried out on stalking in Spain have shown victims are unlikely to formally report these experiences but underscore the need to analyse stalking victims' use of protection systems and the treatment they receive. The objectives of this study were to determine victims' protection needs and reasons for not reporting; to analyse the institutional treatment offered to victims; to determine victims' and professionals' assessments of the existing legal mechanisms, and to explore their receptivity to alternatives to criminal proceedings. To achieve the defined objectives, semi-structured interviews with 17 victims from Spain and 27 professionals were conducted. Among the main findings, victims expressed they wanted to stop stalking and would prefer protection instead punishment of the stalker. Also, stalking victims were detected as such only when they were additionally victims of gender-based violence. Finally, neither victims nor professionals have a clear position on the possibility of introducing restorative justice mechanisms.

Stalking: victims' and professionals' views of legal and institutional treatment

Victim’s Perception of Quality of Help and Support by the Police Issuing Warnings Orders in Ex Intimate Partner Stalking Cases in Italy

www.wolfpublishers.com Suzan van der Aa Johanna Niemi Lorena Sosa Ana Ferreira Anna Baldry Mapping the legislation and assessing the impact of Protection Orders in the European Member States. M aping he leglation nd asssing he im pact of Proection O rers in he Eupean M em er Stes. Many victims of repetitive violence, such as domestic violence or stalking, have an increased need for protection against their o ender. One way of safeguarding them is to issue a protection order. Previous research has shown that protection order legislation shows large discrepancies across the EU, but we lack a clear overview of how victim protection is constructed in the di erent Member States. The POEMS study has tried to address this problem by making an inventory of protection order legislation in 27 Member States.

Mapping the legislation and assessing the impact of protection orders in the European member states

Every year, 75 million people—constituting approximately 15 % of the entire EU population—become direct victims of crime in the European Union (Commission Staff Working Paper Impact Assessment, COM (2011) 274 final). These numbers are so enormous that it is difficult even to picture what they really mean, and how devastating that reality is. These numbers should by themselves inspire the need for change.

Why do we need concrete measures for victims at EU level? A view from the coalface

Globally, the residential sector consumes a significant amount of energy. Therefore, bioclimatic architectural systems which consider passive solutions should be studied, analyzed, and implemented to reduce energy consumption. This review aims to promote thermal comfort in African countries by using passive solar systems. It begins with the keyword thermal comfort and then reviews articles published over the last ten years that consider bioclimatic architecture and construction strategies in Africa, the main trends in scientific research in this field, and the possibilities for each climate zone in achieving the highest degree of climate comfort. Following an extensive review, certain bioclimatic architectural strategies adopted in specific countries can be applied in countries with similar climates and this can contribute to significant energy savings through effective functional solar and ventilation design strategies. Several countries have been identified as having the most significant publications on thermal regulations in buildings, and the associated regulations and projects are discussed. Several studies have also examined static and adaptive models of thermal comfort.

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Ana Ferreira

Papers

Mapping the legislation and assessing the impact of protection orders in the European member states

Why do we need concrete measures for victims at EU level? A view from the coalface

Passive Solar Systems for the Promotion of Thermal Comfort in African Countries: A Review

Colonial moorings on spatial planning of Mozambique

Challenges to the European Protection Order : Mutual recognition in the light of different national protection systems