Fifth-generation (5G) networks will be the first generation to benefit from location information that is sufficiently precise to be leveraged in wireless network design and optimization. We argue that location information can aid in addressing several of the key challenges in 5G, complementary to existing and planned technological developments. These challenges include an increase in traffic and number of devices, robustness for mission-critical services, and a reduction in total energy consumption and latency. This article gives a broad overview of the growing research area of location-aware communications across different layers of the protocol stack. We highlight several promising trends, tradeoffs, and pitfalls.

https://publications.lib.chalmers.se/records/fulltext/208857/local_208857.pdf

Location-Aware Communications for 5G Networks: How location information can improve scalability, latency, and robustness of 5G

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) consist of sensor nodes deployed in a manner to collect information about surrounding environment. Their distributed nature, multihop data forwarding, and open wireless medium are the factors that make WSNs highly vulnerable to security attacks at various levels. Intrusion Detection Systems (IDSs) can play an important role in detecting and preventing security attacks. This paper presents current Intrusion Detection Systems and some open research problems related to WSN security.

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1155/2013/167575

Intrusion Detection Systems in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Review:

The use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) is attracting considerable interest in academic research, commercial, and military applications. Multi-UAV systems organized in an ad hoc fashion called a flying ad hoc network (FANET) can cooperatively and collaboratively accomplish complex missions more efficiently compared to single large UAV systems. However, the unique features of FANETs such as high mobility, low node density, and high frequency of topology changes introduce challenges to the communication design, especially routing. Thus, the routing requirements of FANETs surpass those of MANETs or VANETs. In this paper, we present UAV classification, communication and application architectures, and an exhaustive survey of the existing routing protocols for flying ad hoc networks. Furthermore, we highlight the key features, strengths and weaknesses, and different mobility models used for the performance evaluation of the existing FANET routing protocols. More importantly, a proposed taxonomy and a review on the existing FANET routing protocols are presented. Finally, we highlight the existing challenges and open research issues.

Routing in Flying Ad Hoc Networks: A Comprehensive Survey

Multidimensional Gaussian Distributions (Kenneth S. Miller)

Summary

Most sensor networks are deployed at hostile environments to sense and gather specific information. As sensor nodes have battery constraints, therefore, the research community is trying to propose energy-efficient solutions for wireless sensor networks (WSNs) to prolong the lifetime of the network. In this paper, we propose an energy-efficient multi-level and distance-aware clustering (EEMDC) mechanism for WSNs. In this mechanism, the area of the network is divided into three logical layers, which depends upon the hop-count-based distance from the base station. The simulation outcomes show that EEMDC is more energy efficient than other existing conventional approaches. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

/pdf/energy-efficient-multi-level-and-distance-aware-clustering-ccgxxolj71.pdf

Energy-efficient multi-level and distance-aware clustering mechanism for WSNs

A focus of the scientific community is to design network oriented position-based routing protocols and this has resulted in a very high number of algorithms, different in approach and performance and each suited only to particular applications However, though numerous, very few position-based algorithms have actually been adopted for commercial purposes This article is a survey of almost 50 position-based routing protocols and it comes as an aid in the implementation of this type of routing in various applications which may need to consider the advantages and pitfalls of position-based routing An emphasis is made on geographic routing, whose notion is clarified as a more restrictive and more efficient type of position-based routing The protocols are therefore divided into geographic and non-geographic routing protocols and each is characterized according to a number of network design issues and presented in a comparative manner from multiple points of view The main requirements of current general applications are also studied and, depending on these, the survey proposes a number of protocols for use in particular application areas This aims to help both researchers and potential users assess and choose the protocol best suited to their interest

https://www.ijcnis.org/index.php/ijcnis/article/download/85/90

Surveying Position Based Routing Protocols for Wireless Sensor and Ad-hoc Networks

Geographic routing is an attractive option for large scale wireless sensor networks (WSNs) because of its low overhead and energy expenditure, but is inefficient in realistic localization conditions. Positioning systems are inevitably imprecise because of inexact range measurements and location errors lead to poor performance of geographic routing in terms of packet delivery ratio (PDR) and energy efficiency. This paper proposes a novel, low-complexity, error-resilient geographic routing method, named conditioned mean square error ratio (CMSER) routing, intended to efficiently make use of existing network information and to successfully route packets when localization is inaccurate. Next hop selection is based on the largest distance to destination (minimizing the number of forwarding hops) and on the smallest estimated error figure associated with the measured neighbor coordinates. It is found that CMSER outperforms other basic greedy forwarding techniques employed by algorithms such as most forward within range (MFR), maximum expectation progress (MEP) and least expected distance (LED). Simulation results show that the throughput for CMSER is higher than for other methods, additionally it also reduces the energy wasted on lost packets by keeping their routing paths short.

/pdf/geographic-routing-resilient-to-location-errors-lapzgs4gq4.pdf

Geographic Routing Resilient to Location Errors

Realistic geographic routing algorithms need to ensure quality of services in wireless sensor network applications while being resilient to the inherent localization errors of positioning algorithms A number of solutions robust against location errors have been proposed in the literature and their design focuses either on a high throughput or on a balanced energy consumption Ideally, both aspects need to be addressed by the same algorithm, but in most cases, the proposed routing techniques compromise between the two The present work aims to minimize such a tradeoff and to facilitate a higher packet delivery ratio than similar geographic routing techniques, while still being energy efficient This is achieved through a novel proposal entitled energy conditioned mean square error algorithm (ECMSE), which makes use of statistical assumptions of Gaussianly distributed location error and Ricianly distributed distances between sensor nodes In addition, it makes use of an energy efficient feature, which includes information about the energy cost of the forwarding decision By using a location-error-resilient and distance-based power metric, the ECMSE provides an improved performance in realistic simulations in comparison with other error-coping geographic routing algorithms

/pdf/energy-efficient-geographic-routing-robust-against-location-4k19n24pnx.pdf

Energy Efficient Geographic Routing Robust Against Location Errors

This paper considers a realistic mobility model for a military application scenario using a wireless mesh sensor network. Within this model, the sink moves at the network boundary joining and leaving the network for different periods of time. Although the IEEE 802.15.5 standard has portability support for peripheral nodes (leaf devices) and is officially recommended for use in wireless mesh sensor networks, it is shown here that it can't support the new mobility model proposed in this paper. Two solutions are suggested and discussed, the waiting for the destination and following the destination concepts.

Improved mesh WSN support for a realistic mobility model

This paper proves through simulations that current routing protocols recommended for MANETs do not support a realistic marginal mobility model. A WSN scenario is considered using Qualnet simulator in which the mobile node follows the marginal mobility model. It is proven that routing protocols like DSR, AODV, LAR1, DYMO and Bellman Ford can't send data packets to the mobile node. Different simulations are made by varying the speed of the mobile node and the distance between the mobile node and the WSN coverage area.

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/6088932/6101646/06101877.pdf

Ana Maria Popescu

Papers

Surveying Position Based Routing Protocols for Wireless Sensor and Ad-hoc Networks

Geographic Routing Resilient to Location Errors

Energy Efficient Geographic Routing Robust Against Location Errors

Improved mesh WSN support for a realistic mobility model

MANET routing protocols problem for the marginal mobility model