2.1. Solvents 4307 2.1.1. Propylene Carbonate (PC) 4308 2.1.2. Ethers 4308 2.1.3. Ethylene Carbonate (EC) 4309 2.1.4. Linear Dialkyl Carbonates 4310 2.2. Lithium Salts 4310 2.2.1. Lithium Perchlorate (LiClO4) 4311 2.2.2. Lithium Hexafluoroarsenate (LiAsF6) 4312 2.2.3. Lithium Tetrafluoroborate (LiBF4) 4312 2.2.4. Lithium Trifluoromethanesulfonate (LiTf) 4312 2.2.5. Lithium Bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiIm) and Its Derivatives 4313

/pdf/nonaqueous-liquid-electrolytes-for-lithium-based-uxm5ffbi18.pdf

Nonaqueous liquid electrolytes for lithium-based rechargeable batteries.

https://las493energy.files.wordpress.com/2014/11/2005_vetter_jpowsourc.pdf

Ageing mechanisms in lithium-ion batteries

Thermal runaway mechanism of lithium ion battery for electric vehicles: A review

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1149/2.1441707jes/pdf

Review—SEI: Past, Present and Future

Abuse behavior of high-power, lithium-ion cells

Thermal stability of fully charged 550 mAh prismatic Li‐ion cells (Sn‐doped carbon) and their components are investigated. Accelerating rate calorimetry (ARC) is used to determine the onset temperature of exothermic chemical reactions that force the cell into thermal runaway. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetry analysis are used to determine the thermal stability of the cell's positive electrode (PE) and negative electrode (NE) materials from 35 to 400°C. The cell self‐heating exothermic reactions start at 123°C, and thermal runaway occurs near 167°C. The total exothermic heat generation of the NE and PE materials are 697 and 407 J/g, respectively. Heat generations of the NE and PE materials, washed in diethyl carbonate (DEC) and dried at ≈65°C under vacuum, are significantly lower than unwashed samples. Lithium plating increases the heat generation of the NE material at temperatures near the lithium melting point. Comparison of the heat generation profiles from DSC and ARC tests indicates that thermal runaway of this cell is close to the decomposition temperature range of the unwashed PE material. We conclude that the heat generation from the decomposition of PE material and reaction of that with electrolyte initiates thermal runaway in a Li‐ion cell, under thermally or abusive conditions. © 1999 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1149/1.1392458/pdf

Thermal Stability Studies of Li‐Ion Cells and Components

The negative electrode (NE) for lithium‐ion batteries is conventionally made by casting a mixture of various carbon materials with polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) onto copper foil. Differential scanning calorimetry and accelerating rate calorimetry were used to evaluate the thermal stability of several lithiated NE materials: synthetic graphite (SFG-44), mesocarbon microbeads (MCMB), lignin‐based hard carbon (HC), and mixtures of these materials. The exothermic heat generation of lithiated NEs, in the absence of the electrolyte, is attributed to the reaction of PVDF with lithiated carbon . For all samples here, the total exothermic heat generation increases with an increase in lithiation content. The onset temperature for the thermal reaction of PVDF with SFG-44 or MCMB does not depend on the lithiation content. However, this onset temperature decreases as lithiation increases in HC electrodes. These differences are attributed to structural differences between highly graphitic SFG-44 and MCMB compared with the far less graphitic HC. Total heat generation increases with PVDF binder content. An alternative resin‐based binder, phenolformaldehyde phenolic‐resin , is proposed. Full or partial substitution of this material for PVDF lowers the exothermic heat of reaction of the binder agent with lithiated NE materials. © 2000 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1149/1.1394088/pdf

Thermal Stability Studies of Binder Materials in Anodes for Lithium‐Ion Batteries

A hybrid electrode for a high power, high energy, electrical storage device contains both a high-energy electrode material (42) and a high-rate electrode material (44). The two materials are deposited on a current collector (40), and the electrode is used to make an energy storage device that exhibits both the high-rate capability of a capacitor and the high energy capability of a battery. The two materials can be co-deposited on the current collector in a variety of ways, either in superimposed layers, adjacent layers, intermixed with each other or one material coating the other to form a mixture that is then deposited on the current collector.

High power, high energy, hybrid electrode and electrical energy storage device made therefrom

A thin film multi-layered electrolyte (56) for a rechargeable electrochemical cell (50), and a rechargeable cell including the electrolyte. The multi-layered electrolyte (56) consists of a primary electrolyte (58) having at least one secondary electrolyte material (60a) disposed on one surface thereof. The secondary electrolyte material (60a) should be selected so as to have a potential stability window sufficient to prevent decomposition of the primary electrolyte, while preventing chemical reactions leading to the formation of ionically non-conducting materials on the surface of the electrodes of the electrochemical cell. A rechargeable electrochemical cell is made by disposing the multi-layered material between a positive (54) and negative (52) electrode.

Multilayered electrolyte and electrochemical cells using same

An electrochemical charge storage device (10) includes first and second electrodes (16, 22) with first and second current collectors (18, 24) respectively attached, an electrolyte (20) disposed between the electrodes and first and second metal foils (14, 26) to separate the electrodes (16, 22) from a packaging material. The packaging material consists of multilayered first and second polymeric packaging films (12, 28) which enclose the other components of the device (10), and are sealed to each other.

Anaba A. Anani

Papers

Thermal Stability Studies of Li‐Ion Cells and Components

Thermal Stability Studies of Binder Materials in Anodes for Lithium‐Ion Batteries

High power, high energy, hybrid electrode and electrical energy storage device made therefrom

Multilayered electrolyte and electrochemical cells using same

Packaging for an electrochemical device and device using same