Spintronics, or spin electronics, involves the study of active control and manipulation of spin degrees of freedom in solid-state systems. This article reviews the current status of this subject, including both recent advances and well-established results. The primary focus is on the basic physical principles underlying the generation of carrier spin polarization, spin dynamics, and spin-polarized transport in semiconductors and metals. Spin transport differs from charge transport in that spin is a nonconserved quantity in solids due to spin-orbit and hyperfine coupling. The authors discuss in detail spin decoherence mechanisms in metals and semiconductors. Various theories of spin injection and spin-polarized transport are applied to hybrid structures relevant to spin-based devices and fundamental studies of materials properties. Experimental work is reviewed with the emphasis on projected applications, in which external electric and magnetic fields and illumination by light will be used to control spin and charge dynamics to create new functionalities not feasible or ineffective with conventional electronics.

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Spintronics: Fundamentals and applications

A derivation is given of the effect of a time‐dependent magnetic field gradient on the spin‐echo experiment, particularly in the presence of spin diffusion. There are several reasons for preferring certain kinds of time‐dependent magnetic field gradients to the more usual steady gradient. If the gradient is reduced during the rf pulses, H1 need not be particularly large; if the gradient is small at the time of the echo, the echo will be broad and its amplitude easy to measure. Both of these relaxations of restrictions on the measurement of diffusion coefficients by the spin‐echo technique serve to extend its range of applicability. Furthermore, a pulsed gradient can be recommended when it is critical to define the precise time period over which diffusion is being measured.The theoretical expression derived has been verified experimentally for several choices of time dependent magnetic field gradient. An apparatus is described suitable for the production of pulsed gradients with amplitudes as large as 100 ...

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Spin diffusion measurements : spin echoes in the presence of a time-dependent field gradient

Polymer/layered silicate nanocomposites: a review from preparation to processing

MLEV-17-based two-dimensional homonuclear magnetization transfer spectroscopy

We establish the general form of the generator of a completely positive dynamical semigroup of an N‐level quantum system, and we apply the result to derive explicit inequalities among the physical parameters characterizing the Markovian evolution of a 2‐level system.

Completely Positive Dynamical Semigroups of N Level Systems

The principles of nuclear magnetism

Electron paramagnetic resonance of transition ions

Principles of Nuclear Magnetism

After a general introduction, two sections are devoted to a survey of the theories of spin temperature and of nuclear relaxation in solids. This is followed by a short section on the so-called well-resolved solid effect, and a much more detailed one on DNP by thermal mixing in the non-linear low spin-temperature domain. One then analyses the various methods of measurement of the nuclear polarisation, as well as an indirect method of detecting the electronic resonance based on the existence of large nuclear polarisations. The final section describes briefly several applications of dynamic nuclear polarisation.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0034-4885/41/3/002/pdf

Anatole Abragam

Papers

The principles of nuclear magnetism

Electron paramagnetic resonance of transition ions

Principles of Nuclear Magnetism

Principles of dynamic nuclear polarisation

Nuclear Magnetism: Order and Disorder