There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one. I remember first hearing about it at school. It seemed an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality.

Usually familiarity dulls this sense of the bizarre, but in the case of i it was the reverse: over the years the sense of its surreal nature intensified. It seemed that it was impossible to write mathematics that described the real world in …

I and i

Let's read! We will often find out this sentence everywhere. When still being a kid, mom used to order us to always read, so did the teacher. Some books are fully read in a week and we need the obligation to support reading. What about now? Do you still love reading? Is reading only for you who have obligation? Absolutely not! We here offer you a new book enPDFd the perception of the visual world to read.

The Perception of the Visual World. By James J. Gibson. U.S.A.: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1950 (George Allen & Unwin, Ltd., London). Price 35s.

This paper presents a new reflectance model for rendering computer synthesized images. The model accounts for the relative brightness of different materials and light sources in the same scene. It describes the directional distribution of the reflected light and a color shift that occurs as the reflectance changes with incidence angle. The paper presents a method for obtaining the spectral energy distribution of the light reflected from an object made of a specific real material and discusses a procedure for accurately reproducing the color associated with the spectral energy distribution. The model is applied to the simulation of a metal and a plastic.

A reflectance model for computer graphics

The Cambridge handbook of multimedia learning

Cybersickness is an affliction common to users of virtual environments. Similar in symptoms to motion sickness, cybersickness can result in nausea, headaches, and dizziness. With these systems becoming readily available to the general public, reports of cybersickness have increased and there is a growing concern about the safety of these systems. This review presents the current state of research methods, theories, and known aspects associated with cybersickness. Current measurements of incidence of cybersickness are questionnaires, postural sway, and physiological state. Varying effects due to display and rendering modes, such as visual display type and stereoscopic or monoscopic rendering, are compared. The known and suspected application aspects that induce cybersickness are discussed. There are numerous potential contributing application design aspects, many of which have had limited study, but field of view and navigation are strongly correlated with cybersickness. The effect of visual displays is not well understood, and application design may be of greater importance.

Review on cybersickness in applications and visual displays

Although Model Predictive Control (MPC) technology can now be found in a wide variety of industrial process control applications, its application in the field of Motion Cueing Algorithm (MCA) is a relatively new issue. Its efficiency has been proven in the driving simulation thanks to the authors' original work (explicit algorithm) and to others (implicit algorithm). The key for applying successfully the MPC algorithm in the field of MCA is to find an appropriate algorithm's stability condition and an efficient in-line or off-line optimization algorithm. The stability condition proposed by this paper reduces significantly the number of partitioned regions for explicit algorithm and thus guarantees the real time tilt-linear optimal motion cues with complicated constraints. This condition can also be applied in the implicit algorithm. The first test in Renault's simulator, ULTIMATE, has shown that the fidelity of driving simulation is effectively improved. It will greatly enhance the MPC algorithm's application in the field of simulator motion cues.

https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/6243571/6258911/06258965.pdf

Explicit MPC motion cueing algorithm for real-time driving simulator

The present paper deals with how to design and test an eco-driving training tool in the form of a digital educational game, including a specific guidance system interface to each eco-driving rules. We tested whether learners could reproduce the eco-driving behaviour and implement the rules once they were autonomous. We also aimed to validate the method as a relevant eco-driving teaching tool that does not distract drivers or affect safety behaviour. We examined the contribution of the guidance system to teach procedural skills compared with traditional teaching methods such as video instruction. Results reveal that both methods lead to reduced CO2 emissions, but that the reduction is greater with the interactive guidance system. Further analysis and an eye-movement study revealed no increase in driving time or effect on safety.

https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01779632/document

Learning eco-driving behaviour in a driving simulator: Contribution of instructional videos and interactive guidance system

Simulator sickness is a well-known side effect of driving simulation which may reduce the passenger well-being and performance due to its various symptoms, from pallor to vomiting. Numerous reducing countermeasures have been previously tested; however, they often have undesirable side effects. The present study investigated the possible effect of seat vibrations on simulator sickness. Three configurations were tested: no vibrations, realistic ones and some that might affect the proprioception. Twenty-nine participants were exposed to the three configurations on a four-minute long automated driving in a simulator equipped with a vibration platform. Simulator sickness was estimated thanks to the Simulator Sickness Questionnaire (SSQ) and to a postural instability measure. Results showed that vibrations help to reduce the sickness. Our findings demonstrate that some specific vibration configurations may have a positive impact on the sickness, thus confirming the usefulness of devices reproducing the road vibrations in addition to creating more immersion for the driver.

/pdf/a-simulation-sickness-study-on-a-driving-simulator-equipped-4vbxxgcdjh.pdf

A simulation sickness study on a driving simulator equipped with a vibration platform

The MCA (Motion Cueing Algorithm) for driving simulator takes into account the simulator’s workspace limits and the driver’s motion perception thresholds to reproduce simulated vehicle’s accelerations. For the motion based driving simulators, the most applied MCAs are the classical and the optimal filters. This paper presents a new algorithm, called MPC (Model Predictive Control) explicit algorithm. Compared with the filters’ algorithms, the MPC integrates directly the system constraints into its optimization process, and then gives a real optimal solution and hardly needs the tuning process to check the workspace limits and the driver’s perception thresholds. The reported MCA studies based on MPC implicit algorithm need high computational costs which can destroy the stability properties of optimal MPC in a real-time system. The proposed workspace limit condition improves significantly the MPC optimal stable condition for its application in MCA. The current MPC algorithm can achieve the complicated 2dofs optimization. Key words: Motion cueing algorithm, explicit MPC algorithm, washout filter, tilt technique, real-time simulator.

Motion cueing algorithms for a real-time automobile driving simulator

Une experience a ete menee sur le simulateur de conduite de Renault, recemment equipe d'une plate-forme mobile a 6 degres de liberte, afin d'etudier le role des informations kinesthesiques (vestibulaires, tactiles et proprioceptives) lors de la conduite en virage. La contribution du systeme de mouvement a ete evaluee en mesurant la relation experimentale entre l'acceleration laterale et la vitesse du vehicule simule, par analogie avec des experiences similaires sur vehicules reels. Sept sujets ont conduit le simulateur deux fois sur une replique virtuelle de la piste d'essais Renault, une fois avec la plate-forme active, une fois sans mouvement. L'acceleration laterale et la vitesse etaient enregistrees a partir du modele temps-reel de dynamique du vehicule, puis tracees pour chaque sujet. Les enveloppes superieures de ces courbes montraient, comme prevu, une decroissance marquee avec la vitesse qui a ete caracterisee par une regression lineaire. Neanmoins, la pente de cette regression augmentait lorsque la plate-forme etait active. Cet effet traduit une sous-estimation du «danger» de conduite dans la condition sans mouvement, issue d'une anticipation reduite de l'acceleration laterale a partir d'informations purement visuelles. La plate-forme mobile contribue a l'estimation multi-sensorielle de cette acceleration chez les conducteurs du simulateur, a partir d'informations visuelles et kinesthesiques combinees. Ceci represente un progres par rapport aux simulateurs statiques, ou les sujets tendent a conduire trop vite en virage. D'autres experiences prevues sur vehicules reels en conditions similaires permettront de progresser dans le travail en cours a Renault de validation des simulateurs equipes de plates-formes mobiles.

Andras Kemeny

Papers

Explicit MPC motion cueing algorithm for real-time driving simulator

Learning eco-driving behaviour in a driving simulator: Contribution of instructional videos and interactive guidance system

A simulation sickness study on a driving simulator equipped with a vibration platform

Motion cueing algorithms for a real-time automobile driving simulator

Contribution of a motion platform to kinesthetic restitution in a driving simulator