Over the past decade, the most significant, conceptual advances in the field of fluorination were enabled most prominently by organo- and transition-metal catalysis. The most challenging transformation remains the formation of the parent C-F bond, primarily as a consequence of the high hydration energy of fluoride, strong metal-fluorine bonds, and highly polarized bonds to fluorine. Most fluorination reactions still lack generality, predictability, and cost-efficiency. Despite all current limitations, modern fluorination methods have made fluorinated molecules more readily available than ever before and have begun to have an impact on research areas that do not require large amounts of material, such as drug discovery and positron emission tomography. This Review gives a brief summary of conventional fluorination reactions, including those reactions that introduce fluorinated functional groups, and focuses on modern developments in the field.

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Introduction of Fluorine and Fluorine-Containing Functional Groups

Microreaction engineering * is small better?

Perfluoroalkylation with Organosilicon Reagents

Trifluoromethyltrimethylsilane: nucleophilic trifluoromethylation and beyond.

Asymmetric fluorination, trifluoromethylation, and perfluoroalkylation reactions.

A concise review of relevant experimental observations and modeling of high-pressure trickle-bed reactors, based on recent studies, is presented. The following topics are considered:  flow regime transitions, pressure drop, liquid holdup, gas−liquid interfacial area and mass-transfer coefficient, catalyst wetting efficiency, catalyst dilution with inert fines, and evaluation of trickle-bed models for liquid-limited and gas-limited reactions. The effects of high-pressure operation, which is of industrial relevance, on the physicochemical and fluid dynamic parameters are discussed. Empirical and theoretical models developed to account for the effect of high pressure on the various parameters and phenomena pertinent to the topics discussed are briefly described.

https://crelonweb.eec.wustl.edu/ReactionEngineeringCourse/Day-8.pdf

André Laurent

Papers

High-Pressure Trickle-Bed Reactors: A Review

Experimental study of a trickle-bed reactor operating at high pressure: two-phase pressure drop and liquid saturation

A new, improved liquid hold-up correlation for trickle-bed reactors

Synthesis of Primary Allylic Amines

Chemical kinetics of the reaction of carbon dioxide with amines in pseudo m-nth order conditions in aqueous and organic Solutions