Chlorinated paraffins in the environment: A review on their production, fate, levels and trends between 2010 and 2015.

Occurrence, homologue patterns and source apportionment of short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins in suburban soils of Shanghai, China

Toxicokinetics of short-chain chlorinated paraffins in Sprague-Dawley rats following single oral administration.

The last few decades have seen ubiquitous and increasing contamination of chlorinated paraffins (CPs) worldwide. Here, we develop the first global inventories of production, use, in-use stocks, and emissions of total CPs, including the short-, medium- and long-chain components (SCCPs, MCCPs, and LCCPs) during 1930-2020 using a dynamic substance flow analysis model named Chemical in Products Comprehensive Anthroposhpheric Fate Estimation. The model estimates that a total of ∼33 million metric tons of CPs have been produced and used globally, ∼40% of which still resided in in-use products by 2020 and is available for long-term emissions in the next decades. Global cumulative emissions of CPs have increased to ∼5.2 million metric tons by 2020, with SCCPs, MCCPs, and LCCPs accounting for ∼30, 40, and 30%, respectively. While the production, use, and emissions of CPs started declining in regions such as Western Europe, they remain high in China. The model also suggests that homologues with 10, 14, and 22-23 carbons were predominant in the cumulatively produced and emitted SCCPs, MCCPs, and LCCPs, respectively. The emission estimates were evaluated by generating environmental concentrations that are comparable to literature-reported environmental monitoring data. Our estimates provide opportunities to link the environmental fate and occurrence of CPs to emission sources and lay the basis for future risk-reduction strategies of CPs around the world.

Andreas M. Buser

Papers

Erratum: “Calculation of Physicochemical Properties for Short- and Medium-Chain Chlorinated Paraffins” [J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 42(2), 023103 (2013)]