Deposits of clastic carbonate-dominated (calciclastic) sedimentary slope systems in the rock record have been identified mostly as linearly-consistent carbonate apron deposits, even though most ancient clastic carbonate slope deposits fit the submarine fan systems better. Calciclastic submarine fans are consequently rarely described and are poorly understood. Subsequently, very little is known especially in mud-dominated calciclastic submarine fan systems. Presented in this study are a sedimentological core and petrographic characterisation of samples from eleven boreholes from the Lower Carboniferous of Bowland Basin (Northwest England) that reveals a >250 m thick calciturbidite complex deposited in a calciclastic submarine fan setting. Seven facies are recognised from core and thin section characterisation and are grouped into three carbonate turbidite sequences. They include: 1) Calciturbidites, comprising mostly of highto low-density, wavy-laminated bioclast-rich facies; 2) low-density densite mudstones which are characterised by planar laminated and unlaminated muddominated facies; and 3) Calcidebrites which are muddy or hyper-concentrated debrisflow deposits occurring as poorly-sorted, chaotic, mud-supported floatstones. These

Phd by thesis

The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) is an independent organization devoted to the development of standards.

American Society for Testing and Materials

Climate change 2014 - Synthesis Report

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Properties Of Concrete

Highway Capacity Manual改訂の動向--テイラ-教授の講演より

The findings of an extensive literature survey on the structural response of unbound aggregates are discussed in two companion papers. In this paper, a state of the art is presented on resilient stress-strain characteristics of such materials, as well as different modeling techniques. The resilient response of aggregates is affected by several factors with varying degrees of importance. These are presented, and different views on the impact of each individual factor are discussed. Research efforts in the past have resulted in different math- ematical models for predicting the resilient response of aggregates under repeated traffic-type loading. The models found in the literature are listed, and their advantages and shortcomings are reviewed. The permanent strain characteristics of unbound aggregates are considered in a separate companion paper.

State of the art .i : r esilient response of unbound aggregates

The findings of an extensive literature survey on the structural response of unbound aggregates are discussed in two companion papers. In this paper, a state of the art is presented on resilient stress-strain characteristics of such materials, as well as different modeling techniques. The resilient response of aggregates is affected by several factors with varying degrees of importance. These are presented, and different views on the impact of each individual factor are discussed. Research efforts in the past have resulted in different mathematical models for predicting the resilient response of aggregates under repeated traffic-type loading. The models found in the literature are listed, and their advantages and shortcomings are reviewed. The permanent strain characteristics of unbound aggregates are considered in a separate companion paper.

State of the Art. I: Resilient Response of Unbound Aggregates

The permanent strain behavior of unbound aggregates under repeated loading has been studied by many researchers over the years. A summarized review of the research into this area is given based on the literature available to date. Different views from various sources are outlined and discussed. A state of the art is presented regarding the factors affecting the permanent strain development in these materials and the modeling techniques available. This paper is the second of two companion papers discussing the current state of knowledge on the structural behavior of unbound aggregates. The resilient properties of these materials are reviewed in detail in the first paper.

State of the art. ii: permanent strain response of unbound aggregates

The shakedown concept has been used to describe the behavior of conventional engineering structures under repeated cyclic loading The possibility has been raised that a critical stress level exists between stable and unstable conditions in pavement According to the "shakedown" concept, this level is termed the "shakedown limit" Several repeated load triaxial tests were performed on crushed rock aggregates at different stress levels The resulting permanent deformation, which accumulated with the repeated loading, was described and compared with the types of responses usually described by the shakedown approach The existing shakedown approach can describe some, but not all, of the observed responses Thus, a modified set of possible responses was defined in shakedown terms The method of description could provide a powerful material assessment and pavement design tool for engineering unbound pavement bases A design chart derived from the data illustrates a possible design approach

Andrew Dawson

Papers

State of the art .i : r esilient response of unbound aggregates

State of the Art. I: Resilient Response of Unbound Aggregates

State of the art. ii: permanent strain response of unbound aggregates

Permanent deformation behavior of granular materials and the shakedown concept

Modelling permanent deformation behaviour of unbound granular materials