Nanocrystals (NCs) discussed in this Review are tiny crystals of metals, semiconductors, and magnetic material consisting of hundreds to a few thousand atoms each. Their size ranges from 2-3 to about 20 nm. What is special about this size regime that placed NCs among the hottest research topics of the last decades? The quantum mechanical coupling * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: dvtalapin@uchicago.edu. † The University of Chicago. ‡ Argonne National Lab. Chem. Rev. 2010, 110, 389–458 389

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Prospects of Colloidal Nanocrystals for Electronic and Optoelectronic Applications

1. Advantages of Chemical Redox Agents 878 2. Disadvantages of Chemical Redox Agents 879 C. Potentials in Nonaqueous Solvents 879 D. Reversible vs Irreversible ET Reagents 879 E. Categorization of Reagent Strength 881 II. Oxidants 881 A. Inorganic 881 1. Metal and Metal Complex Oxidants 881 2. Main Group Oxidants 887 B. Organic 891 1. Radical Cations 891 2. Carbocations 893 3. Cyanocarbons and Related Electron-Rich Compounds 894

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Chemical Redox Agents for Organometallic Chemistry

5.1. Nanoalloys of Group 11 (Cu, Ag, Au) 865 5.1.1. Cu−Ag 866 5.1.2. Cu−Au 867 5.1.3. Ag−Au 870 5.1.4. Cu−Ag−Au 872 5.2. Nanoalloys of Group 10 (Ni, Pd, Pt) 872 5.2.1. Ni−Pd 872 * To whom correspondence should be addressed. Phone: +39010 3536214. Fax:+39010 311066. E-mail: ferrando@fisica.unige.it. † Universita di Genova. ‡ Argonne National Laboratory. § University of Birmingham. | As of October 1, 2007, Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division. Volume 108, Number 3

Nanoalloys: From Theory to Applications of Alloy Clusters and Nanoparticles

Colloidal inorganic nanocrystals stand out as an important class of advanced nanomaterials owing to the flexibility with which their physical-chemical properties can be controlled through size, shape, and compositional engineering in the synthesis stage and the versatility with which they can be implemented into technological applications in fields as diverse as optoelectronics, energy conversion/production, catalysis, and biomedicine. The use of microwave irradiation as a non-classical energy source has become increasingly popular in the preparation of nanocrystals (which generally involves complex and time-consuming processing of molecular precursors in the presence of solvents, ligands and/or surfactants at elevated temperatures). Similar to its now widespread use in organic chemistry, the efficiency of "microwave flash heating" in dramatically reducing overall processing times is one of the main advantages associated with this technique. This Review illustrates microwave-assisted methods that have been developed to synthesize colloidal inorganic nanocrystals and critically evaluates the specific roles that microwave irradiation may play in the formation of these nanomaterials.

Microwave-assisted synthesis of colloidal inorganic nanocrystals.

Additions to Metal-Activated Organonitriles†

Cage CH⋯X interactions in solid-state structures of icosahedral carboranes

Applications to Polyolefin Catalysis Materials and Polymers Medicinal Applications Cluster Synthesis Carboranes Metallaboranes Metallaheteroboranes Organic and Inorganic Chemistry of Mono- and Di-Boron Systems Theoretical and Computational Studies Subject Index.

Contemporary Boron Chemistry

We report the synthesis of FePt magnetic nanoparticles using Na2Fe(CO)4 and Pt(acac)2 as reagents. This method allows good control over particle stoichiometry and ensures efficient mixing of Fe and Pt atoms in the alloy at the atomic scale. The use of a variety of different high boiling solvents and different surfactants allows control over particle size. Materials can be prepared in the disordered face-centered cubic (fcc) structural form and converted to the high magnetocrystalline anisotropy face centered tetragonal (fct or L10 structure) at lower temperatures than those prepared by other routes. By using solvents such as nonadecane, docosane, and tetracosane, we can prepare samples directly in the fct form. Preformed fcc particles prepared by this method can also be transformed in solution to the fct structure. Samples have been characterized by a combination of diffraction, electron microscopy, thermogravimetric, and magnetic measurements.

Synthesis of size-controlled fcc and fct fept nanoparticles

A simple microwave heating method has been used for the stoichiometrically controlled synthesis of FePt and FePd nanoparticles using Na2Fe(CO)4 and Pt(acac)2/Pd(acac)2 as the main reactants. By varying the solvents and surfactants, the microwave assisted reactions have shown a significant advantage for the rapid production of monodisperse fcc FePt nanoparticle metal alloys which can be converted to the fct phase at low temperatures (364 °C). Microwave reactions at high pressure (closed system) have led to the direct formation of a mixture of fcc and fct phase FePt nanoparticles. Room temperature structural and magnetic properties of materials have been characterized by X-ray diffraction, HRTEM and magnetic measurements. The onset of ordering has been investigated by in situ high temperature X-ray diffraction studies.

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Synthesis of monodispersed fcc and fct FePt/FePd nanoparticles by microwave irradiation

The reaction of LiBH4 with [Mo(η-C5H4Me)Cl4] gives the dimetallaborane bicapped closo-[{Mo(η-C5H4R)}2B5H9], which has been characterised by X-ray crystallography. The reaction of LiBH4 with [W(η-C5H4R)Cl4], for R = Me, gives closo-[{W(η-C5H4Me)H2}2B3H7] or, for R = Pri, both closo-[{W(η-C5H4Pri)H2}2}B3H7] and nido-[{W(η-C5H4Pri)H3}B4H8]. The reaction between [Mo(η-C5H4Me)(PMe3)2Cl2] and LiBH4 yields bicapped closo-[{Mo(η-C5H4Me)}2B5H9] or nido-[{Mo(η-C5H4Me)(PMe3)H}B4H8], depending on the reaction conditions. Also LiBH4 reacts with [W(PMe3)3Cl4] to give a mixture of nido-[{W(PMe3)2H4}B4H8] and arachno-[{W(PMe3)3H3}B3H8].

Andrew K. Hughes

Papers

Cage CH⋯X interactions in solid-state structures of icosahedral carboranes

Contemporary Boron Chemistry

Synthesis of size-controlled fcc and fct fept nanoparticles

Synthesis of monodispersed fcc and fct FePt/FePd nanoparticles by microwave irradiation

Synthesis of η-cyclopentadienyl-polyborane derivatives of molybdenum and tungsten