Machine Learning is the study of methods for programming computers to learn. Computers are applied to a wide range of tasks, and for most of these it is relatively easy for programmers to design and implement the necessary software. However, there are many tasks for which this is difficult or impossible. These can be divided into four general categories. First, there are problems for which there exist no human experts. For example, in modern automated manufacturing facilities, there is a need to predict machine failures before they occur by analyzing sensor readings. Because the machines are new, there are no human experts who can be interviewed by a programmer to provide the knowledge necessary to build a computer system. A machine learning system can study recorded data and subsequent machine failures and learn prediction rules. Second, there are problems where human experts exist, but where they are unable to explain their expertise. This is the case in many perceptual tasks, such as speech recognition, hand-writing recognition, and natural language understanding. Virtually all humans exhibit expert-level abilities on these tasks, but none of them can describe the detailed steps that they follow as they perform them. Fortunately, humans can provide machines with examples of the inputs and correct outputs for these tasks, so machine learning algorithms can learn to map the inputs to the outputs. Third, there are problems where phenomena are changing rapidly. In finance, for example, people would like to predict the future behavior of the stock market, of consumer purchases, or of exchange rates. These behaviors change frequently, so that even if a programmer could construct a good predictive computer program, it would need to be rewritten frequently. A learning program can relieve the programmer of this burden by constantly modifying and tuning a set of learned prediction rules. Fourth, there are applications that need to be customized for each computer user separately. Consider, for example, a program to filter unwanted electronic mail messages. Different users will need different filters. It is unreasonable to expect each user to program his or her own rules, and it is infeasible to provide every user with a software engineer to keep the rules up-to-date. A machine learning system can learn which mail messages the user rejects and maintain the filtering rules automatically. Machine learning addresses many of the same research questions as the fields of statistics, data mining, and psychology, but with differences of emphasis. Statistics focuses on understanding the phenomena that have generated the data, often with the goal of testing different hypotheses about those phenomena. Data mining seeks to find patterns in the data that are understandable by people. Psychological studies of human learning aspire to understand the mechanisms underlying the various learning behaviors exhibited by people (concept learning, skill acquisition, strategy change, etc.).

Machine learning

ing WS1S Systems to Verify Parameterized Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 Kai Baukus, Saddek Bensalem, Yassine Lakhnech and Karsten Stahl FMona: A Tool for Expressing Validation Techniques over Infinite State Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204 J.-P. Bodeveix and M. Filali Transitive Closures of Regular Relations for Verifying Infinite-State Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220 Bengt Jonsson and Marcus Nilsson Diagnostic and Test Generation Using Static Analysis to Improve Automatic Test Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 Marius Bozga, Jean-Claude Fernandez and Lucian Ghirvu Efficient Diagnostic Generation for Boolean Equation Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 Radu Mateescu Efficient Model-Checking Compositional State Space Generation with Partial Order Reductions for Asynchronous Communicating Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266 Jean-Pierre Krimm and Laurent Mounier Checking for CFFD-Preorder with Tester Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283 Juhana Helovuo and Antti Valmari Fair Bisimulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299 Thomas A. Henzinger and Sriram K. Rajamani Integrating Low Level Symmetries into Reachability Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315 Karsten Schmidt Model-Checking Tools Model Checking Support for the ASM High-Level Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331 Giuseppe Del Castillo and Kirsten Winter Table of

Tools and Algorithms for the Construction and Analysis of Systems. Proc. TACAS 2009

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Using Mpi Portable Parallel Programming With The Message Passing Interface

The π-Calculus: A theory of mobile processes by Davide Sangiorgi and David Walker Formal methods have formed the foundation of Computer Science since its inception. Although, initially these formal methods dealt with processes and systems on an individual basis, the paradigm has shifted with the dawn of the age of computer networks. When dealing with systems with interconnected, communicating, dependent, cooperative, and competitive components, the older outlook of analyzing and developing singular systems—and the tools that went with it—were hardly suitable. This led to the development of theories and tools that would support the new paradigm. On the tools end, the development has been widespread and satisfactory: programming languages, development frameworks, databases, and even end-user software products such as word processors, have gained network-awareness. However on the theoretical end, the development has been far less satisfactory. The major work was done by Robin Milner, Joachim Parrow, and David Walker who developed the formalism known as π-calculus in 1989. π-calculus is a process calculus that treats communication between its components as the basic form of computation. It has been quite successful as a foundation of several other calculi in the field and as Milner puts it, it has become common to express ideas about interactions and mobility in variants of the calculus. Introduction The current book serves as a comprehensive reference to π-calculus. Besides Milner's own book on the subject, this is the only other book-length publication on the topic. In many ways, it is much more comprehensive than Milner's: a much wider area of topics are dealt with and in more detail as well. Contents The book is split into seven part. The first part presents the basic theory of π-calculus. However, basic does not mean concise: every topic is discussed in great detail. The section on bisimulation is particularly intensive and provides several insights about the motivation for the theory. Part two discusses several variants of the original calculus. By varying several characteristics of the calculus, such as whether a process can communicate with more than processes at a time, we can obtain these variants. A number of interesting properties of the language are studied by the other when discussing these variants. As can be understood from the title, the calculus' contribution to analyzing mobile processes is a major topic, and it is dealt with extensively starting from part three. The basics are introduced by the way of a sophisticated typing system whose application in speciying complex processes is presented in part four. Part five looks at higher-order π-calculus in which composed systems are considered as first-class citizens. Part six is one of the best in the book and discusses the relation between π-calculus and lambda-calculus, which is an older and more basic calculus. Finally part seven shows how π-calculus can be employed in studying practical, modern software engineering concepts such as object-oriented programming. Impressions One of my disappointments with this book is in how often the reader is left perplexed with some of the theoretical developments, specially in part three. π-calculus is a complicated topic, even for the graduate student audience to which this book is directed, and the author would have done much better by reducing the number of topics and instead focusing on more lucid and detailed explanations. There are several experimental digressions throughout the book, which although interesting, take away from some of the momentum of sequential study. For example, topics such as comparison and encoding of one language to another could be easily moved to a separate section in order to make the content more suitable for self-study. Another issue is the little effort towards making the connection from the theoretical to the practical. The main reason why formal methods have not been adopted in mainstream software development pracitces is that often it is unclear to developers how formalisms can contribute towards the software engineering process. The book would have served its purpose much better if it had spent part of eah chapter discussing the practical application of that chapter's content. For example, congruence checking and bisimulation can be incredbily exciting topics for programmers to learn if they can see practical applications of such powerful techniques. Beyond the above criticism, the book is absolutely indispensible to students and researchers in the field of formal methods. Currently it serves as the primary reference for anyone who wishes to learn the various aspects of π-calculus in detail. Raheel Ahmad

The Ï-Calculus: A theory of mobile processes

Control Systems Engineering

The paper introduces a new formal model for specification and synthesis of control paths in the context of asynchronous system design. The model, called Conditional Partial Order Graph (CPOG), captures concurrency and choice in a system's behavior in a compact and efficient way. It has advantages over widely used interpreted Petri Nets and Finite State Machines for a class of systems which have many behavioral scenarios defined on the same set of actions, e.g., CPU microcontrollers. The CPOG model has potential applications in the area of microcontrol synthesis and brings new methods for modeling concurrency into the application domain of modern and future processor architectures. The paper gives the formal definition of the CPOG model, formulates and solves the problem of CPOG synthesis, and introduces various optimization techniques. The presented ideas can be applied for CPU control synthesis as well as for synthesis of different kinds of event-coordination circuits often used in data coding and communication in digital systems, as demonstrated with several application examples.

/pdf/conditional-partial-order-graphs-model-synthesis-and-1xum53vmas.pdf

Conditional Partial Order Graphs: Model, Synthesis, and Application

To detect problematic circuit behaviour, such as potential hazards and deadlocks, in a reasonable amount of time a technique is required which would avoid exhaustive exploration of the state space of the system. Many of the existing methods rely on symbolic traversal of the state space, with the use of binary decision diagrams (BDDs) and associated software packages. This paper presents an alternative approach of using a special type of Petri nets to represent circuits. An algorithm for automatic conversion of a circuit netlist into a behaviourally equivalent Petri net is proposed. Once the circuit Petri net is constructed and composed with the provided environment specification, the presence and reachability of troublesome states is verified by using methods based on finite prefixes of Petri net unfoldings. The shortest trace leading to a deadlock or a hazard in the circuit Petri net is mapped back onto the gate-level representation of the circuit, thus assisting a designer in solving the problem. The method has been automated and compared against previously existing circuit verification tools.

/pdf/automated-verification-of-asynchronous-circuits-using-203axsn6lj.pdf

Automated Verification of Asynchronous Circuits Using Circuit Petri Nets

Reliable high-level modeling constructs are crucial to the design of efficient asynchronous circuits. Concepts such as static data flow structures (SDFS) considerably facilitate the design process by separating the circuit structure and functionality from the lower-level implementation details.

Aside from providing a more abstract, higher level view, SDFS allow for efficient circuit analysis that is done by converting it to a Petri Net preserving behavioural equivalence. Once the equivalent Petri Net is obtained, existing theoretical and tool base can be applied to perform the model verification.

However, recent advances in SDFS design were largely theoretical. There are no practical software tools available which would allow working with different SDFS models in a consistent way and provide means for their analysis and comparison.

This paper presents a tool which aims to provide a common, cross-platform environment to assist with aforementioned tasks. The tool offers a GUI-based framework for visual editing, real-time simulation, animation and extendable analysis features for different SDFS types. The models themselves, as well as the supporting tools, are implemented as plug-ins.

/pdf/workcraft-a-static-data-flow-structure-editing-visualisation-2qpja88lw0.pdf

Workcraft: a static data flow structure editing, visualisation and analysis tool

Build systems are awesome, terrifying -- and unloved. They are used by every developer around the world, but are rarely the object of study. In this paper we offer a systematic, and executable, framework for developing and comparing build systems, viewing them as related points in landscape rather than as isolated phenomena. By teasing apart existing build systems, we can recombine their components, allowing us to prototype new build systems with desired properties.

/pdf/build-systems-a-la-carte-26orcifjjf.pdf

Build systems à la carte

Monads have taken the world by storm, and are supported by do-notation (at least in Haskell). Programmers are increasingly waking up to the usefulness and ubiquity of Applicatives, but they have so far been hampered by the absence of supporting notation. In this paper we show how to re-use the very same do-notation to work for Applicatives as well, providing efficiency benefits for some types that are both Monad and Applicative, and syntactic convenience for those that are merely Applicative. The result is fully implemented as an optional extension in GHC, and is in use at Facebook to make it easy to write highly-parallel queries in a distributed system.

/pdf/desugaring-haskell-s-do-notation-into-applicative-operations-2v4z7hxnu0.pdf

Andrey Mokhov

Papers

Conditional Partial Order Graphs: Model, Synthesis, and Application

Automated Verification of Asynchronous Circuits Using Circuit Petri Nets

Workcraft: a static data flow structure editing, visualisation and analysis tool

Build systems à la carte

Desugaring Haskell's do-notation into applicative operations