So far in this course we have dealt entirely with the evolution of characters that are controlled by simple Mendelian inheritance at a single locus. There are notes on the course website about gametic disequilibrium and how allele frequencies change at two loci simultaneously, but we didn’t discuss them. In every example we’ve considered we’ve imagined that we could understand something about evolution by examining the evolution of a single gene. That’s the domain of classical population genetics. For the next few weeks we’re going to be exploring a field that’s actually older than classical population genetics, although the approach we’ll be taking to it involves the use of population genetic machinery. If you know a little about the history of evolutionary biology, you may know that after the rediscovery of Mendel’s work in 1900 there was a heated debate between the “biometricians” (e.g., Galton and Pearson) and the “Mendelians” (e.g., de Vries, Correns, Bateson, and Morgan). Biometricians asserted that the really important variation in evolution didn’t follow Mendelian rules. Height, weight, skin color, and similar traits seemed to

Human biochemical genetics

Due to fast climate change and foreseen damage through global warming, access to clean and green energy has become very much essential for the sustainable development of the society, globally. Biomass based energy is one of the important renewable energy resources to meet the day to day energy requirements and is as old as the human civilization. Biomass gasification is among few important aspects of bioenergy for producing heat, power and biofuels for useful applications. Despite, the availability of vast literature, technological and material advancements, the dissemination of gasification technology could not overcome the critical barriers for the widespread acceptability over the conventional energy resources. This article presents a comprehensive review on the technical advancements, developments of biomass gasification technology and the barriers being faced by different stakeholders in the wide dissemination of the technology for day to day requirements of the society, followed by recommendations for policy makers to make this technology popular while serving the society.

Recent advances in the development of biomass gasification technology: A comprehensive review

The increasing need for thermal comfort has led to a rapid increase in the use of cooling systems and, consequently, electricity demand for air-conditioning systems in buildings. Heat-driven ejector refrigeration systems appear to be a promising alternative to the traditional compressor-based refrigeration technologies for energy consumption reduction. This paper presents a comprehensive literature review on ejector refrigeration systems and working fluids. It deeply analyzes ejector technology and behavior, refrigerant properties and their influence over ejector performance and all of the ejector refrigeration technologies, with a focus on past, present and future trends. The review is structured in four parts. In the first part, ejector technology is described. In the second part, a detailed description of the refrigerant properties and their influence over ejector performance is presented. In the third part, a review focused on the main jet refrigeration cycles is proposed, and the ejector refrigeration systems are reported and categorized. Finally, an overview over all ejector technologies, the relationship among the working fluids and the ejector performance, with a focus on past, present and future trends, is presented.

https://re.public.polimi.it/bitstream/11311/984261/1/2016_RSER_BesagniMereuInzoli.pdf

Ejector refrigeration: A comprehensive review

A comprehensive review of ejector design, performance, and applications

Development of a new solar and geothermal based combined system for hydrogen production

Diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1) is a microsomal enzyme that catalyzes the final step of triglyceride synthesis. The DGAT1 gene is a strong functional candidate for determining milk fat content in cattle. In this work, we used PCR-SSCP (polymerase chain reaction-single-strand conformation polymorphism) and DNA sequencing to examine polymorphism in the region spanning exon 7 to exon 9 of the DGAT1 gene in Murrah and Pandharpuri buffaloes. Three alleles (A, B and C) and four novel single-nucleotide polymorphisms were identified in the buffalo DGAT1 gene. The frequencies of the alleles differed between the two buffalo breeds, with allele C being present in Murrah but not in Pandharpuri buffalo. The allele variation detected in this work may influence DGAT1 expression and function. The results described here could be useful in examining the association between the DGAT1 gene and milk traits in buffalo.

http://www.scielo.br/pdf/gmb/v35n3/2011-215.pdf

Identification of novel single nucleotide polymorphisms in the DGAT1 gene of buffaloes by PCR-SSCP.

An R-152a ejector-jet pump refrigeration cycle and a LiBr-H2O absorption refrigeration cycle have been integrated with a renewable energy power generator for making a proposed ‘novel compact cogeneration cycle’. The exergy analysis of this proposed cycle leads to a possible performance improvement. Nearly 71.12% of the input exergy is destructed due to irreversibilities in the different components. The useful exergy output is around 7.12%. The exhaust exergy lost to the environment is 21.76%, which is lower than the exhaust energy lost 37.6% of the input energy, while the useful energy output is approximately 19.3%. The refrigerants used and the exhaust gas emissions samples are found to be favourable for reducing the global environmental related problems. The results also show that the coupling of the entrainment ratios of the ejector and jet pump has great effect on the exergy and energy efficiency.

Thermodynamic analysis of a novel compact power generation and waste heat operated absorption, ejector-jet pump refrigeration cycle

The use of renewable energy resources is broadly increasing for power generation, so the engine quality producer gas which comes from gasifier must be evaluated for engine applications. The Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) generates electricity for lighting & other end uses. The system consists of a gasifier coupled with ventury scrubber, coarse filter filled with wood chips; two fine filters filled with saw dust and one security fabric filter. The gases produced are cooled in water scrubber and then tar is removed in subsequent filters and gases are supplied to Spark Ignition Engine for operating AC Generator set. The unit is tested with resistive loading, which increases gradually from 20 %, 40 %, 60 %, 80 % & 100%. The cold and hot gasification efficiencies are 75.41% & 80.85 % respectively. The biomass consumption rate is 27kg/h. The air and gas flow rate are measured 20.79 m3/h and 79m3/h respectively.The temperature above the grate is 603℃. The tar level after gas cooling and cleaning unit is counted 9 mg/Nm3.

/pdf/performance-evaluation-of-downdraft-gasifier-for-generation-1x8w4rifkq.pdf

Performance Evaluation of Downdraft Gasifier for Generation of Engine Quality Gas

An NH3–H2O ejector-absorption refrigeration cycle, and an R-152a ejector refrigeration cycle are employed with a renewable energy power generator to make a proposed compact power generation and triple effect ejector-absorption refrigeration cycle. The exergy analysis of the cycle leads to a possible performance improvement. Approximately 71.69% of the input exergy is destructed due to irreversibilities in different components. Around 7.976% is available as the useful exergy output. The exhaust exergy lost to the environment is 20.33%, which is lower than the exhaust energy loss of 47.95%, while the useful energy output is 27.88%. The refrigerants used are of zero ODP and negligible GWP, and the CO2 emission of the exhaust gases is very small as compared to that of the fossil fuel run engine, hence, this cycle is favorable to the global environment. The results also show that the proposed cycle has significant higher energy and exergy efficiency than the earlier investigated 'triple effect refrigeration cycle' and 'the combined power and ejector-refrigeration cycle'.

Energy and exergy analysis of compact power generation and hybrid solar energy-waste heat-based triple effect ejector-vapor absorption refrigeration cycle

Aim: To evaluate the antimicrobial potential of fungal extracts isolated from solid-state waste and study their active constituents. Antibiotics are the most important secondary metabolites produced by the microorganisms that are commercially exploited for the treatment of various diseases worldwide. But with time, these microbial pathogens have become more powerful and resistant to antibiotic treatment, creating new strains that are difficult to control. To overcome the problem of multi-drug resistance, the present study aimed at exploring new sources of bioactive components.
Methods: A total of 22 fungal strains were isolated from solid-state household waste dumping site at Hisar, India. The perpendicular streak plate technique was used for primary screening against three test microorganisms (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans). About 55% of the tested fungal strains showed antimicrobial activity against all three tested microorganisms. The positive fungal strains were put to secondary screening by Agar well diffusion assay against eight test microorganisms (Gram positive: Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus gordonii and Gram negative: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas florescens, Salmonella enterica and fungus Candida albicans).
Results: The potent fungal strain with maximum zone of inhibition was selected for secondary metabolite extraction with dichloromethane and the crude extracts examined for antimicrobial properties. Analyses of the crude metabolites by thin layer chromatography (TLC) showed the presence of bioactive components with Rf values of 0.88. The results demonstrated that the crude extracts of SSR-16 exhibited great antibacterial activity against all test bacteria with zone of inhibition as 2.2cm against E.coli and P.aeroginosa, 2.0cm against C.albicans, 1.8cm against B.subtilis and P.florescens, 1.6cm against S.aureus and 1.4cm against S.entericus and S.gordoni.
 
Conclusion: The selected strain SSR-16 was identified as Aspergillus species using 18 S rDNA gene sequence analysis. The study suggests that the selected Aspergillus strain may be a source of potential antimicrobial agents.

http://www.peerpublishers.com/index.php/snp/article/download/41/35

Anil Kumar

Papers

Identification of novel single nucleotide polymorphisms in the DGAT1 gene of buffaloes by PCR-SSCP.

Thermodynamic analysis of a novel compact power generation and waste heat operated absorption, ejector-jet pump refrigeration cycle

Performance Evaluation of Downdraft Gasifier for Generation of Engine Quality Gas

Energy and exergy analysis of compact power generation and hybrid solar energy-waste heat-based triple effect ejector-vapor absorption refrigeration cycle

Isolation and screening of antibiotic producing fungi from solid-state waste