THE DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF EXPERIMENTS. By Oscar Kempthorne. New York, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1952. 631 pp. $8.50. This book by a teacher of statistics (as well as a consultant for \"experimenters\") is a comprehensive study of the philosophical background for the statistical design of experiment. It is necessary to have some facility with algebraic notation and manipulation to be able to use the volume intelligently. The problems are presented from the theoretical point of view, without such practical examples as would be helpful for those not acquainted with mathematics. The mathematical justification for the techniques is given. As a somewhat advanced treatment of the design and analysis of experiments, this volume will be interesting and helpful for many who approach statistics theoretically as well as practically. With emphasis on the \"why,\" and with description given broadly, the author relates the subject matter to the general theory of statistics and to the general problem of experimental inference. MARGARET J. ROBERTSON

The Design and Analysis of Experiments

Climate change 2014 - Synthesis Report

Increases in ultraviolet radiation at the Earth's surface due to the depletion of the stratospheric ozone layer have recently fuelled interest in the mechanisms of various effects it might have on organisms. DNA is certainly one of the key targets for UV-induced damage in a variety of organisms ranging from bacteria to humans. UV radiation induces two of the most abundant mutagenic and cytotoxic DNA lesions such as cyclobutane–pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) and 6–4 photoproducts (6–4PPs) and their Dewar valence isomers. However, cells have developed a number of repair or tolerance mechanisms to counteract the DNA damage caused by UV or any other stressors. Photoreactivation with the help of the enzyme photolyase is one of the most important and frequently occurring repair mechanisms in a variety of organisms. Excision repair, which can be distinguished into base excision repair (BER) and nucleotide excision repair (NER), also plays an important role in DNA repair
in several organisms with the help of a number of glycosylases and polymerases, respectively. In addition, mechanisms such as mutagenic repair or dimer bypass, recombinational repair, cell-cycle checkpoints, apoptosis and certain alternative repair pathways are also operative in various organisms. This review deals with UV-induced DNA damage and the associated repair mechanisms as well as methods of detecting DNA damage and its future perspectives.

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UV-induced DNA damage and repair: a review

The idea that iron might limit phytoplankton growth in large regions of the ocean has been tested by enriching an area of 64 km2 in the open equatorial Pacific Ocean with iron This resulted in a doubling of plant biomass, a threefold increase in chlorophyll and a fourfold increase in plant production Similar increases were found in a chlorophyll-rich plume down-stream of the Galapagos Islands, which was naturally enriched in iron These findings indicate that iron limitation can control rates of phytoplankton productivity and biomass in the ocean

Testing the iron hypothesis in ecosystems of the equatorial Pacific Ocean

The seeding of an expanse of surface waters in the equatorial Pacific Ocean with low concentrations of dissolved iron triggered a massive phytoplankton bloom which consumed large quantities of carbon dioxide and nitrate that these microscopic plants cannot fully utilize under natural conditions. These and other observations provide unequivocal support for the hypothesis that phytoplankton growth in this oceanic region is limited by iron bioavailability.

A massive phytoplankton bloom induced by an ecosystem-scale iron fertilization experiment in the equatorial Pacific Ocean

Shipboard studies were performed for testing the classical hypothesis that Antarctic phytoplankton suffers from a deficiency of Fe. In a suite of 5 experiments over 8 to 12 d periods and encompassing different water masses (Weddell Sea water proper, Weddell-Scotia Confluence water, Scotia Sea water), and various plankton communities, biomass and dynamic spring/summer (ice) conditions, we always observed Fe to stimulate chlorophyll a synthesis and nutrient assimilation. In 3 out of 5 experiments there was an immediate response to added Fe, while in the other 2 expenments an effect was observed after 3 to 6 d. In 4 out of 5 experiments final particulate organic carbon (POC) levels were also higher in Fe-enriched cultures compared to controls. However the controls were also found to outgrow steadily typical chlorophyll a and POC levels found in ambient waters. This strongly suggests that the in situ Fe concentration in itself does not hamper build-up of high biomass levels. Extrapolation to the in situ ecosystem therefore suggests that, despite enhancement of phytoplankton growth, Fe is not the major factor controlling phytoplankton in the Weddell/Scotia Seas. Marginal sediments appear to supply adequate dissolved Fe for supporting at least minimum growth of phytoplankton. More remote sectors of the Southern Ocean might be more likely candidates for occasional limitation by Fe alone.

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On iron limitation of the Southern Ocean : experimental observations in the Weddell and Scotia Seas.

During the European Polarstern Study (EPOS 1988/1989) in the Weddell and Scotia Seas, five series of metal enrichment experiments were carried out with natural plankton communities under ultraclean conditions. Despite a clear stimulation of growth by the addition of Fe, control bottles (no additions) also showed rapid buildup of Chl a and complete utilization of a major nutrient within 2 weeks, indicating nonlimiting ambient Fe levels. Effects of Mn additions were less pronounced or absent, whereas extra additions of Zn and Cu in one experiment showed little or no effect. The species composition of the plankton community, monitored by HPLC pigment analysis and microscopic observations, changed in favor of diatoms when Fe was added. The addition of Fe also caused an increase in microzooplankton densities and concentrations of pigment breakdown products. However, metal-mediated shifts in the plankton community were minor compared to major changes resulting from incubation. Changes were most pronounced in experiments where microzooplankton was strongly developed, presumably as a result of excluding mesozooplankton from the bottles. Fe had an impact on plankton growth and species composition, but other factors seem to be responsible for keeping phytoplankton productivity far from its potential in these Antarctic waters.

Metal enrichment experiments in the Weddell-Scotia Seas

Dissolved aluminium in the Weddell-Scotia Confluence and effect of Al on the dissolution kinetics of biogenic silica

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Metal enrichment experiments in the Weddell-Scotia Seas: Effects of iron and manganese on various plankton communities

The sensitivity to UV-B radiation (UVBR: 280-315 nm) was tested for littoral (Palmaria palmata [L] O Kuntze, Chondrus crispus Stackhouse) and sublittoral (Phyllophora pseudoceranoides S. G. Gmelin, Rhodymenia pseudopalmata [Lamouroux] Silva, Phycodrys rubens [L.] Batt, Polyneura hilliae [Greville] Kylin) red macrophytes from Brittany, France. Algal fragments were subjected to daily repeated exposures of artificial UVBR that were realistic for springtime solar UVBR at the water surface in Brittany, Growth, DNA damage, photoinhibition, and UV-absorbing compounds were monitored during 2 weeks of PAR + UV-A radiation (WAR) + UVBR, whereas PAR + UVAR and PAR treatments were used as controls. The littoral species showed a higher UV tolerance than the sublittoral species. After 2 weeks, growth of P. palmata and C, crispus was not significantly affected by UVBR, and DNA damage, measured as the number of cyclobutane-pyrimidine dimers per 10(6) nucleotides, was negligible. Photoinhibition, determined as the decline in optimal quantum yield, was low and decreased during the course of the experiment, coinciding with the production of UV-absorbing compounds in these species. In contrast, no UV-absorbing compounds were induced in the sublittoral species. Growth rates of P. pseudoceranoides and R. pseudopalmata were reduced by 40% compared with the PAR treatment. Additionally, constant levels of DNA damage and pronounced photoinhibition were observed after the UVBR treatments. Growth was completely halted for Phycodrys rubens and Polyneura hilliae, whereas DNA damage accumulated in the course of the experiment. Because Phycodrys rubens and Polyneura hilliae showed the same degree of photoinhibition as the other sublittoral species, it appears that the accumulation of DNA damage may have been responsible for the complete inhibition of: growth. The results suggest an important role of DNA repair pathways in determining the UV sensitivity in red macrophytes.

Anita G. J. Buma

Papers

On iron limitation of the Southern Ocean : experimental observations in the Weddell and Scotia Seas.

Metal enrichment experiments in the Weddell-Scotia Seas

Dissolved aluminium in the Weddell-Scotia Confluence and effect of Al on the dissolution kinetics of biogenic silica

Metal enrichment experiments in the Weddell-Scotia Seas: Effects of iron and manganese on various plankton communities

Effects of uv‐b‐induced dna damage and photoinhibition on growth of temperate marine red macrophytes: habitat‐related differences in uv‐b tolerance