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Pathology and genetics of tumours of the urinary system and male genital organs

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Pathology and genetics of tumours of the lung , pleura, thymus and heart

The therapeutic application of ionizing radiation has been largely based on its cytocidal power combined with the ability to selectively target tumors. Radiotherapy effects on survival of cancer patients are generally interpreted as the consequence of improved local control of the tumor, directly decreasing systemic spread. Experimental data from multiple cancer models have provided sufficient evidence to propose a paradigm shift, whereby some of the effects of ionizing radiation are recognized as contributing to systemic antitumor immunity. Recent examples of objective responses achieved by adding radiotherapy to immunotherapy in metastatic cancer patients support this view. Therefore, the traditional palliative role of radiotherapy in metastatic disease is evolving into that of a powerful adjuvant for immunotherapy. This combination strategy adds to the current anticancer arsenal and offers opportunities to harness the immune system to extend survival, even among metastatic and heavily pretreated cancer patients. We briefly summarize key evidence supporting the role of radiotherapy as an immune adjuvant. A critical appraisal of the current status of knowledge must include potential immunosuppressive effects of radiation that can hamper its capacity to convert the irradiated tumor into an in situ, individualized vaccine. Moreover, we discuss some of the current challenges to translate this knowledge to the clinic as more trials testing radiation with different immunotherapies are proposed.

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Combining Radiotherapy and Cancer Immunotherapy: A Paradigm Shift

완효성 비료와 4종복비의 혼용 시용이 팔레놉시스의 생육에 미치는 효과

The authors are the first to identify in man the pre-Botzinger complex, a structure of the brainstem critical for respiratory rhythmogenesis, previously investigated only in rats The evaluation of the neurokinin 1 receptors and somatostatin immunoreactivity in a total of 63 brains from 25 fetuses, nine newborns and 29 infants, allowed to delineate the anatomic structure and the boundaries of this human neural center in a restricted area of the ventrolateral medulla at the obex level, ventral to the semicompact ambiguus nucleus The neurons of the pre-Botzinger complex were roundish in fetuses before 30 gestational weeks and lengthened after birth, embedded in a dendritic system belonging to the reticular formation Besides, structural and/or functional alterations of the pre-Botzinger complex were present in a high percentage of sudden deaths (47%), prevalent in late fetal deaths In particular, different developmental defects (hypoplasia with a decreased neuronal number and/or dendritic hypodevelopment of the reticular formation, abnormal neuronal morphology, immunonegativity of neurotransmitters, and agenesis) were found The authors suggest that the pre-Botzinger complex contains a variety of neurons not only involved in respiratory rhythm generation, but more extensively, essential to the control of all vital functions Sudden death and in particular sudden unexpected fetal death could therefore be ascribed to a selective process when developmental alterations of the pre-Botzinger complex arise

Functional neuroanatomy of the human pre-Bötzinger complex with particular reference to sudden unexplained perinatal and infant death.

Adverse effects of prenatal tobacco smoke exposure on biological parameters of the developing brainstem

https://www.onlinecjc.ca/article/S0828-282X(08)70570-1/pdf

Perinatal and infant early atherosclerotic coronary lesions

The authors are the first to identify in man the preBotzinger complex, a structure of the brainstem critical for respiratory rhythmogenesis, previously investigated only in rats. The evaluation of the neurokinin 1 receptors and somatostatin immunoreactivity in a total of 63 brains from 25 fetuses, nine newborns and 29 infants, allowed to delineate the anatomic structure and the boundaries of this human neural center in a restricted area of the ventrolateral medulla at the obex level, ventral to the semicompact ambiguus nucleus. The neurons of the pre-Botzinger complex were roundish in fetuses before 30 gestational weeks and lengthened after birth, embedded in a dendritic system belonging to the reticular formation. Besides, structural and/or functional alterations of the pre-Botzinger complex were present in a high percentage of sudden deaths (47%), prevalent in late fetal deaths. In particular, different developmental defects (hypoplasia with a decreased neuronal number and/or dendritic hypodevelopment of the reticular formation, abnormal neuronal morphology, immunonegativity of neurotransmitters, and agenesis) were found. The authors suggest that the preBotzinger complex contains a variety of neurons not only involved in respiratory rhythm generation,but more extensively, essential to the control of all vital functions. Sudden death and in particular sudden unexpected fetal death could therefore be ascribed to a selective process when developmental alterations of the pre-Botzinger complex arise.

Original A rticle Functional neuroanatomy of the human pre-Bötzinger complex with particular reference to sudden unexplained perinatal and infant death

For each case of sudden infant and perinatal death, a full review of clinical and epidemiologic data and a complete necropsy study were performed according to the necropsy protocol devised by the Institute of Pathology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy (available at: ). Histopathologic examination of unexpected late fetal and neonatal death and SIDS cases allowed us to identify frequent alterations, mainly congenital, of the autonomic nervous system, modulating respiratory, cardiovascular, arousal, and upper digestive activities. The data and arguments presented herein provide a brief survey tending to open, rather than conclude, a far-reaching subject and to motivate medicolegal specialists and pathologists to perform more in-depth study.

/pdf/techniques-and-criteria-in-pathologic-and-forensic-medical-351pk1ahvb.pdf

Anna Maria Lavezzi

Papers

Functional neuroanatomy of the human pre-Bötzinger complex with particular reference to sudden unexplained perinatal and infant death.

Adverse effects of prenatal tobacco smoke exposure on biological parameters of the developing brainstem

Perinatal and infant early atherosclerotic coronary lesions

Original A rticle Functional neuroanatomy of the human pre-Bötzinger complex with particular reference to sudden unexplained perinatal and infant death

Techniques and criteria in pathologic and forensic-medical diagnostics in sudden unexpected infant and perinatal death.