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Using Multivariate Statistics

The field of human information behavior runs the gamut of processes from the realization of a need or gap in understanding, to the search for information from one or more sources to fill that gap, to the use of that information to complete a task at hand or to satisfy a curiosity, as well as other behaviors such as avoiding information or finding information serendipitously. Designers of mechanisms, tools, and computer-based systems to facilitate this seeking and search process often lack a full knowledge of the context surrounding the search. This context may vary depending on the job or role of the person; individual characteristics such as personality, domain knowledge, age, gender, perception of self, etc.; the task at hand; the source and the channel and their degree of accessibility and usability; and the relationship that the seeker shares with the source. Yet researchers have yet to agree on what context really means. While there have been various research studies incorporatin context, and biennial conferences on context in information behavior, there lacks a clear definition of what context is, what its boundaries are, and what elements and variables comprise context. In this book, we look at the many definitions of and the theoretical and empirical studies on context, and I attempt to map the conceptual space of context in information behavior. I propose theoretical frameworks to map the boundaries, elements, and variables of context. I then discuss how to incorporate these frameworks and variables in the design of research studies on context. We then arrive at a unified definition of context. This book should provide designers of search systems a better understanding of context as they seek to meet the needs and demands of information seekers. It will be an important resource for researchers in Library and Information Science, especially doctoral students looking for one resource that covers an exhaustive range of the most current literature related to ontext, the best selection of classics, and a synthesis of these into theoretical frameworks and a unified definition. The book should help to move forward research in the field by clarifying the elements, variables, and views that are pertinent. In particular, the list of elements to be considered, and the variables associated with each element will be extremely useful to researchers wanting to include the influences of context in their studies.

Exploring Context in Information Behavior: Seeker, Situation, Surroundings, and Shared Identities

Purpose – Lending novels is the major service provided by public libraries. The efforts in developing search systems have been focused on retrieving non-fiction. There is a need for designing systems to support fiction searching in libraries. The aim of this study is to analyze readers’ methods of accessing fiction in a public library for informing the design of fiction search systems. This study seeks to find out which attributes of books readers perceive as indicators of a good novel, and what kind of tactics they use for finding these good novels in the public library. Design/methodology/approach – The authors observed 16 adult library users by semi-structured interviews eliciting information about their literary competence, what characterizes a good novel and how they accessed and identified good novels in the library. Findings – Based on the data this paper developed a tentative reader typology, which differentiated the attributes of good novels and major tactics for accessing them. Practical implica...

A sign of a good book: readers’ means of accessing fiction in the public library

Libraries increasingly offer much of their collection online, rendering it invisible or unavailable to readers who, for reasons of information experience, prefer to browse the shelves. Although the evidence that shelf browsing is an important part of information behavior is increasing, information browsing as a behavior is somewhat of a black box (in contrast to web browsing, which is relatively well understood). It seems likely from early work that browsing is not, in fact, a monolithic behavior, but rather a set of behaviors and goals. The typologies presented in these works, however, are of a too high level to offer much insight into what support is needed for successful online browsing. In contrast, a recent spate of speculative browsing technologies meet some browsing needs, but offer little theoretical understanding of how systems support browsing. The major contribution of this article is a new typology of library browsing behavior based on recent observations of browsing behavior in libraries. The secondary contribution is an understanding of the interface features that would support these types of information browsers in an online environment.

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The Things We Talk About When We Talk About Browsing: An Empirical Typology of Library Browsing Behavior

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate fiction readers’ interest criteria when selecting novels in library catalogs for various search tasks. Design/methodology/approach – The data of the book selection behavior from 80 genuine fiction readers were collected using recorded interviews and conversations. The data were qualitatively analyzed. Reuter’s categorization of the components of aesthetic relevance has contributed to the construction of interest dimensions. Findings – A five-dimension categorization of interest criteria is presented based on fiction readers’ interpretations of the influential factors in fiction book selection in different search tasks. The findings revealed that readers apply the identified interest criteria in a flexible and multiphase way depending to the search task and the system used. The findings showed a context-related pattern in readers’ fiction book selections. A combination of readers’ search capacities, “behind the eyes” knowledge, affective factors and a w...

Readers’ interest criteria in fiction book search in library catalogs

The aim of this study was to survey typical search tactics used by readers in public libraries. We analyzed whether demographic factors, the frequency of library visits, reading activity and the type of books read were associated with major search tactics. The data consisted of 1000 respondents of mail questionnaire collected in 2010 as a stratified random sample of the Finnish population aged 15 to 79 years. The most often used search tactics for accessing books in public libraries were known book or author search together with browsing search. The use of known item search strategy was associated with high educational level and the amount of non-fiction books read. The use of browsing search strategy was associated with the frequency of library visits, gender and the amount of fiction books read.

Readers' search strategies for accessing books in public libraries

We compared fiction readers' search actions during various query reformulation intervals. We aimed to understand how readers' search actions differed between successful and unsuccessful QRIs and which search actions predicted the selecting of very interesting novels compared to less interesting ones. We conducted a controlled user study with 80 participants searching for interesting novels. Three types of browsing tasks and two types of catalogs were used. Our results demonstrated that browsing task type was associated to readers' document viewing behavior in terms of observed search result pages, opened book pages and dwell time on book pages. When browsing for topical novels, most effort was required to select somewhat interesting novels. When browsing for good novels, most effort was required to select very interesting ones. Logistic regression analysis yielded that the most significant predictors of higher document value were the number of observed search result pages and opened book pages.

Books' Interest Grading and Fiction Readers' Search Actions During Query Reformulation Intervals

Finding fiction: Search moves and success in two online catalogs

The purpose of this paper is to study what extent readers’ socio-demographic characteristics, literary preferences and search behavior predict success in fiction search in library catalogs.,In total, 80 readers searched for interesting novels in four differing search tasks. Their search actions were recorded with a Morae Recorder. Pre- and post-questionnaires elicited information about their background, literary preferences and search experience. Readers’ literary preferences were grouped into four orientations by a factor analysis. Linear regression analysis was applied for predicting search success as measured by books’ interest scores.,Most literary orientations contributed to search success, but in differing search tasks. The role of result examination was greater compared to querying in contributing search success almost in each task. The proportion of variance explained in books’ interest scores varied between 5 (open-ended browsing) and 50 percent (analogy search).,The distribution of participants was biased toward females, and the results are aggregated within search session, both reducing the variation of the phenomenon observed.,This study is one of the first to explore how readers’ literary preferences and searching are associated with finding interesting novels, i.e. search success, in library catalogs. The results expand and support the findings in Mikkonen and Vakkari (2017) concerning associations between reader characteristics and fiction search success.

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Anna Mikkonen

Papers

Readers' search strategies for accessing books in public libraries

Readers’ interest criteria in fiction book search in library catalogs

Books' Interest Grading and Fiction Readers' Search Actions During Query Reformulation Intervals

Finding fiction: Search moves and success in two online catalogs

The role of readers’ literary preferences in predicting success in fiction search