In social psychology, we need to establish a general theory of the self which can attend to both macro and micro processes, and which avoids the redundancies of separate theories on different aspects of the self For this purpose, we present core components of identity theory and social identity theory and argue that although differences exist between the two theories, they are more differences in emphasis than in kind, and that linking the two theories can establish a more fully integrated view of the self The core components we examine include the different bases of identity (category/group or role) in each of the theories, identity salience and the activation of identities as discussed in the theories, and the cognitive and motivational processes that emerge from identities based on category/group and on role. By examining the self through the lens of both identity theory and social identity theory, we see how, in combination, they can move us toward a general theory of the self In contrast to Hogg and his colleagues (Hogg, Terry, and White 1995), we see substantial similarities and overlap between social identity theory and identity theory. We think that this overlap ultimately will cause these theories to be linked in fundamental ways, though we do not think that time has

https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/2695870.pdf

Identity theory and social identity theory

Individualism and collectivism

https://leeds-faculty.colorado.edu/dahe7472/Journal%20of%20Management-2008-Ashforth-325-74.pdf

Identification in Organizations: An Examination of Four Fundamental Questions

Recent theorizing in moral psychology extends rationalist models by calling attention to social and cultural influences (J. Haidt, 2001). Six studies using adolescents, university students, and adults measured the associations among the self-importance of moral identity, moral cognitions, and behavior. The psychometric properties of the measure were assessed through an examination of the underlying factor structure (Study 1) and convergent, nomological, and discriminant validity analyses (Studies 2 and 3). The predictive validity of the instrument was assessed by examinations of the relationships among the self-importance of moral identity, various psychological outcomes, and behavior (Studies 4, 5, and 6). The results are discussed in terms of models of moral behavior, social identity measurement, and the need to consider moral self-conceptions in explaining moral conduct.

The self-importance of moral identity.

An integrative social identity model of collective action (SIMCA) is developed that incorporates 3 socio-psychological perspectives on collective action. Three meta-analyses synthesized a total of 182 effects of perceived injustice, efficacy, and identity on collective action (corresponding to these socio-psychological perspectives). Results showed that, in isolation, all 3 predictors had medium-sized (and causal) effects. Moreover, results showed the importance of social identity in predicting collective action by supporting SIMCA's key predictions that (a) affective injustice and politicized identity produced stronger effects than those of non-affective injustice and non-politicized identity; (b) identity predicted collective action against both incidental and structural disadvantages, whereas injustice and efficacy predicted collective action against incidental disadvantages better than against structural disadvantages; (c) all 3 predictors had unique medium-sized effects on collective action when controlling for between-predictor covariance; and (d) identity bridged the injustice and efficacy explanations of collective action. Results also showed more support for SIMCA than for alternative models reflecting previous attempts at theoretical integration. The authors discuss key implications for theory, practice, future research, and further integration of social and psychological perspectives on collective action.

/pdf/toward-an-integrative-social-identity-model-of-collective-1d8ss4nyqs.pdf

Toward an integrative social identity model of collective action: A quantitative research synthesis of three socio-psychological perspectives

Two studies establish distinct types of social and collective identities (Study 1) and describe dimensions that differentiate among identities (Studies 1 and 2) In Study 1, individuals (N = 50) sorted 64 social identities on the basis of perceived similarity; 259 respondents provided trait property ratings of the identities Cluster analysis indicated 5 types of social identity: personal relationships, vocations/avocations, political affiliations, ethnic religious groups, and stigmatized groups Multidimensional scaling analysis shows that identities differ on several trait properties, including desirability and collectivity In Study 2, 171 people rated the similarity of identities within a specific cluster; 193 respondents provided trait property ratings Results indicate that different trait properties are relevant to each cluster The theoretical importance of distinguishing among forms of social identification is stressed

Parameters of social identity

Recognition that self-representation includes both social and personal identities raises questions about the cognitive organization of these elements. Two models of identity structure are compared: (a) a segregation model (D. Trafimow, H. C. Triandis, & S. G. Goto, 1991), which assumes that (social)identities and (personal) attributes are two distinct categories, and (b) an integration model (K. Deaux, 1992), which proposes that identities and attributes often coexist in a limited set of cognitive structures. Clustering of self-relevant information in free recall was used to assess cognitive organization in a sample of 57 students. Identities and attributes clustered separately at greater-than-chance rates, consistent with the segregation model. More detailed analysis of recall data, in which individual patterns of association between identities and attributes were considered, provides stronger support for an integration model of self-representation.

Relationship between social and personal identities: Segregation or integration.

The literature on national differences in sources of well-being (Kwan, Bond, & Singelis, 1997) was used to generate predictions about gender differences in sources of well-being. This linkage was made possible by parallels between national and gender differences in individualism, collectivism, and selfhood (Markus & Kitayama, 1994). Respondents completed measures of self-construal, self-esteem, relationship harmony, and well-being (positive and negative affect). As anticipated, men’s well-being was predicted better by self-esteem than by relationship harmony, whereas women’s well-being was predicted similarly (though more moderately) by self-esteem and relationship harmony. A mediated pathway from independent self-construal to well-being through self-esteem was predicted and supported. Conceptual fit of this study with previous cross-national and gender research is discussed.

Gender and Sources of Subjective Well-Being

After decades of emphasizing the individual, U.S. social psychologists have 
rediscovered the social self. Nudged by their European colleagues, who have 
typically placed more emphasis on group-level phenomena (Doise, 1986), 
significant numbers of U.S. investigators have turned their attention to 
questions that address the links between self and others. Social psycholo­
gists are theoretically committed to exploring the links between individuals 
and their social worlds. Yet, with our skill in creating specific social settings 
for experimental participants, we sometimes fail to pay attention to the 
larger social system in which people actually engage, choose, respond, and 
despair. A comprehensive analysis of the social self needs to attend to these 
issues and to develop theoretical models that explicitly incorporate the 
social as well as the individual.

Connecting the person to the social: The functions of social identification.

Ideological positions regarding social diversity and status inequality are examined as predictors of people's willingness to engage in collective action. Using social dominance theory and social identity theory, we hypothesized that the relationships between ideology, ethnic identification, and orientation toward collective action will vary depending on the position of one's group. Comparisons were made between four U.S. groups: White natives, White immigrants, Black/Latino natives, and Black/Latino immigrants. Groups differed in their endorsement of social diversity and social inequality, as well as in their orientation toward collective action and their ethnic group identification. For all groups, ethnic identity mediated the link between ideology and collective action, but the valence and magnitude of paths differed as a function of ethnicity and immigrant status. Social diversity was more critical for U.S. immigrants (White and Black/Latino); social inequality accounted for more variance in native-born U.S. groups (although in opposite directions for the two groups).

https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/3792386.pdf

Anne Reid

Papers

Parameters of social identity

Relationship between social and personal identities: Segregation or integration.

Gender and Sources of Subjective Well-Being

Connecting the person to the social: The functions of social identification.

Ideologies of Diversity and Inequality: Predicting Collective Action in Groups Varying in Ethnicity and Immigrant Status