Measurement of the shadow economy is notoriously difficult as it requires estimation of economic activity that is deliberately hidden from official transactions. Surveys typically understate the size of the shadow economy but econometric techniques can now be used to obtain a much better understanding of its size. The shadow economy constitutes approximately 10 per cent of GDP in the UK; about 14 per cent in Nordic countries and about 20 - 30 per cent in many southern European countries. The main drivers of the shadow economy are (in order): tax and social security burdens, tax morale, the quality of state institutions and labour market regulation. A reduction in the tax burden is therefore likely to lead to a reduction in the size of the shadow economy. Indeed, a virtuous circle can be created of lower tax rates, less shadow work, higher tax morale, a higher tax take and the opportunity for lower rates. Of course, a vicious circle in the other direction can also be created.

The shadow economy

We investigated the influence of economic and political institutions on the prevalence rate of formal and informal entrepreneurship across 18 countries in the Asia-Pacific region during the period 2001–2010. We found the quality of institutions to exercise a substantial influence on both formal and informal entrepreneurship. One standard-deviation increase in the quality of economic and political institutions could double the rates of formal entrepreneurship and halve the rates of informal entrepreneurship. The two types of institutions had a complementary effect on driving entry into formal entrepreneurship, whereas only direct effects were observed for informal entry.

/pdf/economic-and-political-institutions-and-entry-into-formal-3vr6nvd1pe.pdf

Economic and political institutions and entry into formal and informal entrepreneurship

Refers to discussions at the 2002 International Labour Conference and the 2003 and earlier International Conferences of Labour Statisticians, where the need for a proper definition and measurement chriteria of employment in the informal sector and of informal employment was pointed out.

/pdf/measuring-the-informal-economy-from-employment-in-the-formal-ez12mr68sl.pdf

Measuring the informal economy: from employment in the formal sector to informal employment

This paper challenges several common myths that cloud discourse about urban development in Africa. It finds that urbanization in the region is not excessive or imbalanced relative to the experience of other regions. Internal migration, which is not the main source of urban growth, does not account for urban poverty. Migration appears favorable on balance for sending and receiving areas, and population mobility benefits rural and urban households as many retain a foothold in both areas to spread risks. Although Africa has been frequently described as featuring a disconnect between urbanization and economic growth, in reality most of the economic growth that has taken place in the past decade derives from mainly urban-based sectors (industry and services), and this is especially true of the better-performing economies. But cities have clearly not lived up to their productive potential because of widespread neglect and bad management. Urban poverty is not mainly a function of urban expansion, nor is it a sign of failure of the urban economies in Africa. There is evidence that much of the deprivation in cities, and the emerging urban public health problems, relate to institutional failures that perpetuate social exclusion and inequalities between the urban poor and the urban non-poor.

The urban transition in Sub-Saharan Africa: implications for economic growth and poverty reduction

This authoritative compendium brings together the latest thinking of leading academics, actuaries, and insurance and development professionals in the microinsurance field. The result is a practical, wideranging resource that provides the most thorough overview of the subject to date. The book covers the many aspects of microinsurance in detail including product design, marketing, premium collection, and governance. It also discusses various institutional arrangements available for delivery including the community-based approach, insurance companies owned by networks of savings and credit cooperatives, and microfinance institutions. The roles of key stakeholders are also explored and the book offers insightful strategies for achieving the right balance between coverage, costs, and price. Protecting the Poor is essential reading for insurance professionals, practitioners, and anyone involved with offering insurance to low-income persons.

Protecting the poor: A microinsurance compendium

Revista Internacional del TrabajoEarly View Libros The Law of Interactions between International Organizations, de Henner Gött Anne Trebilcock, Anne Trebilcock Ex Consejera Jurídica de la OIT asociada al Institut für Arbeitsrecht, Universidad Georg-August, GöttingenSearch for more papers by this author Anne Trebilcock, Anne Trebilcock Ex Consejera Jurídica de la OIT asociada al Institut für Arbeitsrecht, Universidad Georg-August, GöttingenSearch for more papers by this author First published: 04 June 2022 https://doi.org/10.1111/ilrs.12246 Reseña original en inglés publicada en International Labour Review 161 (2). Traducción del equipo editorial de la Revista. Traducida también al francés en Revue internationale du Travail 161 (2). AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Early ViewOnline Version of Record before inclusion in an issue RelatedInformation 

The Law of Interactions between International Organizations, de Henner Gött

https://brill.com/downloadpdf/journals/ilrc/9/1/article-p48_011.pdf

Inter-American Court of Human Rights Takes on Disability Discrimination in Relation to the Right to Work

This essay traces over time the tripartite International Labour Organization’s mission and means of action as they relate to international economic law since its founding in 1919. The article highlights key markers along the road to social justice, from the ILO’s constitutional origins to major Declarations (on the ILO’s mission and purpose, on fundamental principles and rights at work, and on decent work and social justice) to the recent ILO Centenary Initiatives. The interplay between the ILO’s work and that of international financial institutions as well as developments in areas such as green jobs in response to climate change, and business and human rights, are briefly explored. Lamenting the largely (and unnecessarily) divergent paths taken by international economic law and transnational labour law, the article identifies several possible avenues to bring them closer: techniques of general international law, use of opportunities created by the 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda, and other ideas put forward by various observers on how the ILO—with its stress on social dialogue—can, in partnership with other multilateral institutions, be more effective to achieve decent work for all on a sustainable planet.

The ILO as an Actor in International Economic Law: Looking Back, Gazing Ahead

Abstract This article examines the approaches taken by the Asian Development Bank Administrative Tribunal and the Administrative Tribunal of the Inter-American Development Bank Group in deciding discrimination claims. The article reviews the basic features of each tribunal before examining their jurisprudence on equality of treatment and issues of information disclosure in discrimination cases. Decisions to date have addressed claims of disparate treatment relating to various aspects of remuneration and benefits as well as allegations of arbitrary treatment vis-à-vis others similarly situated. A few cases have involved allegations of discrimination on the basis of sex/gender, one of several protected grounds in equality law. The number of judicial dissents in discrimination cases suggests that the tribunals have encountered some difficulty in handling them. The article points to a gradual but still incomplete approximation of the decisions of such tribunals to contemporary developments in discrimination law, and suggests a possible way forward.

https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/C1B923453C23CAF249CAAE9E1D78DB38/S2044251322000182a.pdf/div-class-title-approaches-to-discrimination-claims-a-comparison-of-the-administrative-tribunals-of-the-asian-development-bank-and-the-inter-american-development-bank-group-div.pdf

Approaches to Discrimination Claims: A Comparison of the Administrative Tribunals of the Asian Development Bank and the Inter-American Development Bank Group

International Labour ReviewEarly View Book Review The Law of Interactions between International Organizations, by Henner Gött Anne Trebilcock, Anne Trebilcock Former ILO Legal Adviser associated with the Institut für Arbeitsrecht Georg-August University, GöttingenSearch for more papers by this author Anne Trebilcock, Anne Trebilcock Former ILO Legal Adviser associated with the Institut für Arbeitsrecht Georg-August University, GöttingenSearch for more papers by this author First published: 14 February 2022 https://doi.org/10.1111/ilr.12357 This book review is also available in French, in Revue internationale du Travail 161 (2), and Spanish, in Revista Internacional del Trabajo 141 (2). AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Early ViewOnline Version of Record before inclusion in an issue RelatedInformation 

Anne Trebilcock

Papers

The Law of Interactions between International Organizations, de Henner Gött

Inter-American Court of Human Rights Takes on Disability Discrimination in Relation to the Right to Work

The ILO as an Actor in International Economic Law: Looking Back, Gazing Ahead

Approaches to Discrimination Claims: A Comparison of the Administrative Tribunals of the Asian Development Bank and the Inter-American Development Bank Group

The Law of the Interactions between International Organizations, Henner Gött