In this article we develop the concept of community-based enterprise (CBE) and argue that it provides a potential strategy for sustainable local development in poor populations. We maintain that in this emerging form of entrepreneurship, typically rooted in community culture, natural and social capital are integral and inseparable from economic considerations, transforming the community into an entrepreneur and an enterprise. Drawing on interdisciplinary and multilevel approaches, we propose a theoretical model of the determinants, characteristics, and consequences of CBEs.

https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/20159204.pdf

Toward a Theory of Community-Based Enterprise

第１章 ＧＥＭ調査の概要（分析の枠組み；調査方法；起業活動の定義；起業活動率；起業活動と経済成長；起業の計画と失敗） 第２章 起業家と事業特性（起業家の背景；起業家の能力；事業特性；起業家教育） 第３章 起業の環境（社会的資源；起業家に対する評価；経済危機の影響；起業活動の投資環境） 第４章 専門家調査（資金調達；政府の方針；支援プログラム；教育システム；技術移転；コマーシャル・サービス；起業文化；事業機会；経営能力；起業家に対する評価；女性への支援；急成長への注目；イノベーションへの関心；調査結果） 第５章 政策への提

起業と経済成長 : global entrepreneurship monitor調査報告

The research on entrepreneurship education�entrepreneurial intentions has yielded mixed results. We meta-analyzed 73 studies with a total sample size of 37,285 individuals and found a significant but a small correlation between entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurial intentions (inline image). This correlation is also greater than that of business education and entrepreneurial intentions. However, after controlling for pre-education entrepreneurial intentions, the relationship between entrepreneurship education and post-education entrepreneurial intentions was not significant. We also analyzed moderators, such as the attributes of entrepreneurship education, students' differences, and cultural values. Our results have implications for entrepreneurship education scholars, program evaluators, and policy makers.

The Relationship Between Entrepreneurship Education and Entrepreneurial Intentions: A Meta-Analytic Review

Increasing interest in the development of entrepreneurial intentions has elevated the importance of theories that predict and explain individuals’ propensity to start a firm. The purpose of this st...

https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm/ETAP_ETAP12087.pdf?abstractid=2404690&mirid=2

Determinants of Entrepreneurial Intent: A Meta‐Analytic Test and Integration of Competing Models

Purpose – Entrepreneurial competencies are seen as important to business growth and success. The purpose of this paper is therefore to undertake a literature review of research on entrepreneurial competence in order to: provide an integrated account of contributions relating to entrepreneurial competencies by different authors working in different countries and different industry sectors and at different points in time; and, develop an agenda for future research, and practice in relation to entrepreneurial competencies.Design/methodology/approach – The article starts with a review of the development of the concept of competence, with particular reference to its use in the context of management competencies. It then draws together views on the notion of entrepreneurial competence before exploring and summarising research on the link between entrepreneurial competencies and business performance and growth. A core section then compares the models of entrepreneurial competencies cited in the literature, and o...

Entrepreneurial competencies: a literature review and development agenda

This article examines the interaction between culture and immigrant entrepreneurship with reference to London's ethnic minorities. It compares the cultural attributes of different ethnic groups and how these affect their entrepreneurial behaviour. The article reports and analyses the results of 163 interviews with entrepreneurs from six different immigrant communities in London: Indian, East African Asian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi, Turkish Cypriot and Turkish. The findings indicate diversity in business entry motives, patterns of start-up finance and family involvement in business among the different ethnic groups. These may be explained by differences in several cultural attributes including family tradition, migration motives, religion, family links, business experience and educational attainment. The evidence suggests that the interaction between culture and entrepreneurship is stronger in the case of some ethnic groups than others.

/pdf/the-interaction-between-culture-and-entrepreneurship-in-28s9yjt77c.pdf

The Interaction between Culture and Entrepreneurship in London's Immigrant Businesses

This paper investigates various aspects of Asian entrepreneurship based on a survey of small Indian, Pakistani and Bangladeshi businesses in Britain. It analyses the motives for business entry, the choice of initial business, the factors that influence business success and the validity of treating Asian businesses as a homogeneous group. It cannot support the hypothesis that Asians were pushed into self-employment in order to avoid unemployment. The nature of entrepreneurial entry, predominantly through small retail businesses, depends largely on the access to informal, rather than formal, sources of capital and information or advice as well as on the entrant's previous experience. Business success appears to be closely related both to the share of personal capital invested at start-up and to the entrepreneur's educational qualifications. The evidence suggests that the motives for business entry differ among the three Asian communities studied although that does not seem to have a lasting effect on their business success. The predisposition of many well educated Asian migrants towards establishing businesses with their own capital in an unfamiliar environment illustrates their entrepreneurial spirit. The paper points to the potential role of banks and government agencies in encouraging the creation of many more such small businesses in Britain.

An Exploration of Entrepreneurial Activity Among Asian Small Businesses

An Exploration of Entrepreneurial Activity among Asian Small Businesses in Britain

While most US universities offer entrepreneurship courses today, little is known about the relationship between the likelihood of students taking courses in entrepreneurship and their intentions of becoming entrepreneurs. This paper explores and evaluates entrepreneurial intentions and their antecedents among 123 students at San Jose State University by building on Fishbein and Ajzen’s (1975) model. In doing so, it contributes to our understanding of whether, and if so how, education can affect students’ attitudes toward entrepreneurship and their entrepreneurial self-efficacy. It also examines the role of family exposure to business, personal entrepreneurial experience, and ethnic background in affecting attitudes, subjective norms, and intentions by comparing students from diverse ethnic and family backgrounds. Findings highlight the impact of education and practical exposure to entrepreneurship on entrepreneurial intentions. Introduction It is well known that a career in entrepreneurship offers significant opportunities for individuals to achieve financial independence and benefit the economy by contributing to job creation, innovation, and economic growth. Today’s students are tomorrow’s potential entrepreneurs, which may explain why a growing number of US universities offer courses and programs in entrepreneurship. However, there is little understanding of the factors that affect students’ intentions of becoming entrepreneurs and the relationship between entrepreneurship education and students’ entrepreneurial attitudes and intentions (Souitaris et al 2007). Similarly, little is known about differences in entrepreneurial intentions and attitudes among students belonging to different cultures and ethnicities (Wilson et al 2004). This paper seeks to contribute toward redressing this gap in our knowledge by empirically testing a model that draws on the theory of planned behavior to examine the antecedents of entrepreneurial intentions among students. The purpose of the study is to investigate whether prior exposure to entrepreneurship education affects students’ attitudes, subjective norms about entrepreneurship, and perceived behavioral control and whether these, in turn, affect their entrepreneurial intentions. In doing so, it enhances our understanding of whether, and if so, how, education can affect students’ attitudes toward entrepreneurship and their entrepreneurial self-efficacy. It also examines the role of family background and ethnicity in affecting attitudes, norms, and intentions, by comparing students from diverse socio-cultural backgrounds. Literature Review and Hypotheses The theory of planned behavior, grounded in social psychology, is based on the premise that much human behavior is planned and is therefore preceded by intention toward that behavior (Fishbein and Ajzen 1975). It asserts that intention is an accurate predictor of planned behavior, especially in cases where the behavior is difficult to observe, rare, or involves unpredictable time lags. Entrepreneurial behavior displays these characteristics, which explains why several empirical studies of entrepreneurship have applied the theory of planned behavior to the study of entrepreneurship from a psychological perspective (see for example, Kolvereid and Isaksen 2006; Rotefoss and Kolveried 2005; Krueger, Reilly, and Carsrud 2000; Souitaris et al 2007). According to Kreuger et al (2000), entrepreneurial activity can be predicted more accurately by studying intention rather than personality traits, demographic characteristics, or situational factors. The theory of planned behavior contends that intentions are a function of three sets of factors: attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control (PBC). Attitudes are defined as beliefs and perceptions

Assessing Entrepreneurial Intentions Amongst Students: A Comparative Study

This paper contributes to our understanding of the intersection between entrepreneurship and family businesses by examining the business aspirations of immigrant entrepreneurs from five different ethnic minority communities in the UK. It explores differences in the entrepreneurs' antecedents that might explain differences in their aspirations and examines the interaction between aspirations and business behaviour and outcomes. It finds that despite the importance of the family in their businesses, ethnic minority entrepreneurs have diverse aspirations. It is possible to distinguish between those with business‐first, family‐first, money‐first and lifestyle‐first aspirations. Their educational and family background affects entrepreneurs' aspirations, as does their stage on the family life cycle. Differences in aspirations are related to the nature of business, the way in which it is managed, the recruitment of professional managers and entrepreneurial performance. Our findings highlight the diversity in aspirations among family business owners and the complexity of the interaction between ethnicity, culture, class and entrepreneurship.

Anuradha Basu

Papers

The Interaction between Culture and Entrepreneurship in London's Immigrant Businesses

An Exploration of Entrepreneurial Activity Among Asian Small Businesses

An Exploration of Entrepreneurial Activity among Asian Small Businesses in Britain

Assessing Entrepreneurial Intentions Amongst Students: A Comparative Study

Entrepreneurial Aspirations Among Family Business Owners: An Analysis of Ethnic Business Owners in the UK