다중혈관 관상동맥 환자에서 y-문합을 이용하여 양쪽 내흉동맥만을 사용한 우회술의 조기 성적

A positive temperature coefficient is the term which has been used to indicate that an increase in solubility occurs as the temperature is raised, whereas a negative coefficient indicates a decrease in solubility with rise in temperature.

Effect of Temperature

Antibiotics, disinfectants and bacteria resistant to them have been detected in environmental compartments such as waste water, surface water, ground water, sediments and soils. Antibiotics are released into the environment after their use in medicine, veterinary medicine and their employment as growth promoters in animal husbandry, fish farming and other fields. There is increasing concern about the growing resistance of pathogenic bacteria in the environment, and their ecotoxic effects. Increasingly, antibiotic resistance is seen as an ecological problem. This includes both the ecology of resistance genes and that of the resistant bacteria themselves. Little is known about the effects of subinhibitory concentrations of antibiotics and disinfectants on environmental bacteria, especially with respect to resistance. According to the present state of our knowledge, the impact on the frequency of resistance transfer by antibacterials present in the environment is questionable. The input of resistant bacteria into the environment seems to be an important source of resistance in the environment. The possible impact of resistant bacteria on the environment is not yet known. Further research into these issues is warranted.

Resistance in the Environment

First proof of the capability of wastewater surveillance for COVID-19 in India through detection of genetic material of SARS-CoV-2.

COVID-19 surveillance in Southeastern Virginia using wastewater-based epidemiology.

Over the last decays, soil and water pollution resulting from land degradation has led to strong impacts on the epoch of Anthropocene with unknown dimensions and large costs for society. In some cases, clear links have been established between the specific contaminants (e.g., heavy metal contamination) and their direct effects, in other cases, the links are rather unknown (e.g., endocrine substances). In the global context, health impacts of acute or chronic exposure to soil contaminants are of particular interest, and decision makers and researchers have not paid much attention to it until now. Soil contaminants may be responsible for serious health effects resulting in large secondary costs, but holistic studies for identifying the sources of contamination, health impact, and secondary costs are still lacking. Soil pollution leads to serious health problems spanning from cancer, neurological damage, lower IQ, kidney disease, skeletal and bone diseases to endocrine disruption causing sterility or adiposity. Unfortunately, soil pollution will not affect human health by the direct contact with the soil only. Indirect effects are also possible e.g. by the uptake of pollutants by plants used as animal feedstuff or food, incorporation of soil-borne dust, or contaminated drinking water. Nevertheless, it is a daunting task to make strong scientific connections between soil contamination and human health because a holistic study of soil contamination and human health has to be multidisciplinary involving soil scientists, hydrologists, meteorologists, toxicologists, endocrinologist, medical doctors, anthropologists, etc. A community-level socio-economical approach is necessary for addressing the individual environmental deterioration of soils and human activities and maintaining the sustainable goals. On the other hand, it also has to be clearly stated that each heavy soil contamination does not affect population health dramatically and that sometimes low contamination might affect population health even more dramatically, especially, if the pollution-health functional chain is not well understood. This is the need of the hour to try and eradicate some factors behind the present threatening environment and make our mother earth a better place to live in. Therefore, much more research is needed to address all the issues related to this topic.

Water Scarcity and Land Degradation Nexus in the Anthropocene: Reformations for Advanced Water Management as Per the Sustainable Development Goals

Comparative understanding of arsenic enrichment and mobilization in the aquifers of the river ganges and brahmaputra: a provenance, prevalence and health perspective

Developing a water quality index on a temporal and spatial scale under changing climatic scenarios is a challenging task. Integrating complex depth varying hydro-geochemical and geomorphic interactions in a mathematical model requires accurate assessment of sediment influx and prediction of ionic balance evolution rate. While structural connectivity and ground water storage anomalies play a vital role in changing the groundwater chemistry, their role has often been excluded from discussions in directions of developing a probable future quality index. Factors like soil organic carbon stock and cation exchange capacity indicating active imprints of contamination have often been ignored from becoming possible parameters of water quality index. Integration of a health risk-based assessment of contamination will help to identify vulnerable regions. The present book chapter discusses the application of various such indices in developing a comprehensive understanding of the situation in India.

Role of Physical Parameters in Developing a Geogenic Contaminant Risk Approach

Wastewater-based Epidemiological (WBE) surveillance offers a promising approach to assess the pandemic situation covering pre-symptomatic and asymptomatic cases in highly populated area under limited clinical tests. In the present study, we analysed SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the influent wastewater samples (n = 43) from four wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Gandhinagar, India, during August 7th to September 30th, 2020. A total of 40 samples out of 43 were found positive i.e. having at least two genes of SARS-CoV-2. The average Ct values for S, N, and ORF 1ab genes were 32.66, 33.03, and 33.95, respectively. Monthly variation depicted a substantial rise in the average copies of N (∼120%) and ORF 1ab (∼38%) genes in the month of September as compared to August, while S-gene copies declined by 58% in September 2020. The SARS-CoV-2 genome concentration was higher in the month of September (∼924.5 copies/ L) than August (∼897.5 copies/ L), corresponding to a ∼ 2.2-fold rise in the number of confirmed cases during the study period. Further, the percentage change in genome concentration level on a particular date was found in the lead of 1-2 weeks of time with respect to the official confirmed cases registered based on clinical tests on a temporal scale. The results profoundly unravel the potential of WBE surveillance to predict the fluctuation of COVID-19 cases to provide an early warning. Our study explicitly suggests that it is the need of hour that the wastewater surveillance must be included as an integral part of COVID-19 pandemic monitoring which can not only help the water authorities to identify the hotspots within a city but can provide up to 2 weeks of time lead for better tuning the management interventions. HIGHLIGHTS □Study unravels the early warning potential of wastewater based surveillance of COVID-19. □Adequate SARS-CoV-2 RNA were detected despite of limited reported case in the vicinity. □Up to 2 weeks of lead is possible from a regular wastewater based COVID-19 surveillance. □SARS-CoV-2 RNA was higher in September than August in response to a ∼ 2.2-fold rise in COVID-19 active cases. Graphical Abstract

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Unravelling the early warning capability of wastewater surveillance for COVID-19: A temporal study on SARS-CoV-2 RNA detection and need for the escalation

Arbind Kumar Patel

Papers

Water Scarcity and Land Degradation Nexus in the Anthropocene: Reformations for Advanced Water Management as Per the Sustainable Development Goals

Comparative understanding of arsenic enrichment and mobilization in the aquifers of the river ganges and brahmaputra: a provenance, prevalence and health perspective

Role of Physical Parameters in Developing a Geogenic Contaminant Risk Approach

Unravelling the early warning capability of wastewater surveillance for COVID-19: A temporal study on SARS-CoV-2 RNA detection and need for the escalation