2016 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: The Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Developed with the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC.

https://caltcm.memberclicks.net/assets/documents/acc_aha_chf_2013_guidelines.pdf

2013 ACCF/AHA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines

ACE
: angiotensin-converting enzyme
ACS
: acute coronary syndrome
ADP
: adenosine diphosphate
AF
: atrial fibrillation
AMI
: acute myocardial infarction
AV
: atrioventricular
AIDA-4
: Abciximab Intracoronary vs. intravenously Drug Application
APACHE II
: Acute Physiology Aand Chronic

/pdf/esc-guidelines-for-the-management-of-acute-myocardial-vy5rt9aiqe.pdf

ESC Guidelines for the Management of Acute Myocardial Infarction in Patients Presenting With ST-Segment Elevation

ACC/AHA
: American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association
ACCF/AHA
: American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association
ACE
: angiotensin-converting enzyme
ACEI
: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor
ACS
: acute coronary syndrome
AF
: atrial fibrillation

/pdf/2016-esc-guidelines-for-the-diagnosis-and-treatment-of-acute-z18hg30pp1.pdf

2016 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure

/pdf/2016-esc-guidelines-for-the-diagnosis-and-treatment-of-acute-53v7yllhiz.pdf

The aim of this paper is to review the clinical epidemiology of heart failure. The last paper comprehensively addressing the epidemiology of heart failure in Heart appeared in 2000. Despite an increase in manuscripts describing epidemiological aspects of heart failure since the 1990s, additional information is still needed, as indicated by various editorials.

/pdf/clinical-epidemiology-of-heart-failure-18kxn888sm.pdf

Clinical epidemiology of heart failure

/pdf/the-epidemiology-of-heart-failure-3qwrcku076.pdf

The epidemiology of heart failure

The heart failure syndrome has first been described as an emerging epidemic about 25 years ago. Today, because of a growing and ageing population, the total number of heart failure patients still continues to rise. However, the case mix of heart failure seems to be evolving. Incidence has stabilized and may even be decreasing in some populations, but alarming opposite trends have been observed in the relatively young, possibly related to an increase in obesity. In addition, a clear transition towards heart failure with a preserved ejection fraction has occurred. Although this transition is partially artificial, due to improved recognition of heart failure as a disorder affecting the entire left ventricular ejection fraction spectrum, links can be made with the growing burden of obesity-related diseases and with the ageing of the population. Similarly, evidence suggests that the number of patients with heart failure may be on the rise in low-income countries struggling under the double burden of communicable diseases and conditions associated with a Western-type lifestyle. These findings, together with the observation that the mortality rate of heart failure is declining less rapidly than previously, indicate we have not reached the end of the epidemic yet. In this review, the evolving epidemiology of heart failure is put into perspective, to discern major trends and project future directions.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/ejhf.1858

Epidemiology of heart failure.

Aims To determine the prevalence of heart failure and symptomatic as well as asymptomatic left ventricular systolic dysfunction in the general population. Methods and Results In 5540 participants of the Rotterdam Study (age 68·9&8·7 years, 2251 men) aged 55‐95 years, the presence of heart failure was determined by assessment of symptoms and signs (shortness of breath, ankle oedema and pulmonary crepitations) and use of heart failure medication. In 2267 subjects (age 65·7&7·4 years, 1028 men) fractional shortening was measured. The overall prevalence of heart failure was 3·9% (95% CI 3·0&4·7) and did not diVer between men and women. The prevalence increased with age, with the exception of the highest age group in men. Fractional shortening was higher in women and did not decrease appreciably with age. The prevalence of left ventricular systolic dysfunction (fractional shortening < =25%) was approximately 2·5 times higher in men (5·5%, 95% CI 4·1‐7·0) than in women (2·2%, 95% CI 1·4‐3·2). Sixty percent of persons with left ventricular systolic dysfunction had no symptoms or signs of heart failure at all. Conclusions The prevalence of heart failure is appreciable and does not diVer between men and women. The majority of persons with left ventricular systolic dysfunction can be regarded as having asymptomatic left ventricular systolic dysfunction. (Eur Heart J 1999; 20: 447‐455)

Prevalence of heart failure and left ventricular dysfunction in the general population

Aims 

To determine the prevalence of heart failure and symptomatic as well as asymptomatic left ventricular systolic dysfunction in the general population.

Methods and Results 

In 5540 participants of the Rotterdam Study (age 68·9±8·7 years, 2251 men) aged 55–95 years, the presence of heart failure was determined by assessment of symptoms and signs (shortness of breath, ankle oedema and pulmonary crepitations) and use of heart failure medication. In 2267 subjects (age 65·7±7·4 years, 1028 men) fractional shortening was measured. The overall prevalence of heart failure was 3·9% (95% CI 3·0±4·7) and did not differ between men and women. The prevalence increased with age, with the exception of the highest age group in men. Fractional shortening was higher in women and did not decrease appreciably with age. The prevalence of left ventricular systolic dysfunction (fractional shortening <=25%) was approximately 2·5 times higher in men (5·5%, 95% CI 4·1–7·0) than in women (2·2%, 95% CI 1·4–3·2). Sixty percent of persons with left ventricular systolic dysfunction had no symptoms or signs of heart failure at all.

Conclusions 

The prevalence of heart failure is appreciable and does not differ between men and women. The majority of persons with left ventricular systolic dysfunction can be regarded as having asymptomatic left ventricular systolic dysfunction.

/pdf/prevalence-of-heart-failure-and-left-ventricular-dysfunction-5919s4q8bc.pdf

Arend Mosterd

Papers

Clinical epidemiology of heart failure

The epidemiology of heart failure

Epidemiology of heart failure.

Prevalence of heart failure and left ventricular dysfunction in the general population

Prevalence of heart failure and left ventricular dysfunction in the general population; The Rotterdam Study.