Technology's contribution to economic growth and competitiveness has been the subject of vigorous debate in recent years. This book demonstrates the importance of a historical perspective in understanding the role of technological innovation in the economy. The authors examine key episodes and institutions in the development of the U.S. research system and in the development of the research systems of other industrial economies. They argue that the large potential contributions of economics to the understanding of technology and economic growth have been constrained by the narrow theoretical framework employed within neoclassical economies. A richer framework, they believe, will support a more fruitful dialogue among economists, policymakers, and managers on the organization of public and private institutions for innovation. David Mowery is Associate Professor of Business and Public Policy at the School of Business Administration, University of California, Berkeley. Nathan S. Rosenberg is Fairleigh Dickinson Professor of Economics at Stanford University. He is the author of Inside the Black Box: Technology and Economics (CUP, 1983).

Technology and the Pursuit of Economic Growth.

Frontispiece - Derek J de Solla Price Introduction - Christine L Borgman PART ONE: THEORY AND PERSPECTIVE Understanding Science - Belver C Griffith Studies of Communication and Information Disciplinary Work and Interdisciplinary Areas - Sydney J Pierce Sociology and Bibliometrics Reconciling Structure and Process in the Study of Scholarly Communication - Leah A Lievrouw PART TWO: BIBLIOMETRIC RESEARCH METHODS A View of Studies on Bibliometrics and Related Subjects in Japan - S Miyamoto, N Midorikawa and K Nakayama Author Co-citation Studies - Howard D White Overview and Defense Who Carries the Field? Communication Between Literary Schools and Critics - Karl Erik Rosengren The Absence of Co-citation as a Clue to Undiscovered Causal Connections - Don R Swanson Hierarchies and Clusters Among Communication and Library and Information Science Journals, 1977 - 1987 - Ronald E Rice PART THREE: EMPIRICAL STUDIES An Author Co-citation Analysis of Two Research Traditions - Everett M Rogers and Charlotte A Cottrill Technology Transfer and the Diffusion of Innovations A Co-citation Study of AIDS Research - Henry Small and Edwin Greenlee Mapping Authors in Intellectual Space - Katherine W McCain Population Genetics in the 1980s International Scientific Cooperation and Awareness - H F Moed and R E DeBruin A Bibliometric Case Study of Agricultural Research Within the European Community Core Journals of the Rapidly Changing Research Front of "Superconductivity" - Terrance A Brooks Editors-in-Chief of Medical Journals - S Zsindely and A Schubert Identifying the Important Theorists of Communication - James R Beniger Use of Latent Measures to Test Manifest Assumptions in Scholarly Communication Conclusions - William Paisley The Future of Bibliometrics

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Scholarly Communication and Bibliometrics

The Triple Helix innovation model focuses on university-industry-government relations. The Quadruple Helix embeds the Triple Helix by adding as a fourth helix the ‘media-based and culture-based public’ and ‘civil society’. The Quintuple Helix innovation model is even broader and more comprehensive by contextualizing the Quadruple Helix and by additionally adding the helix (and perspective) of the ‘natural environments of society’. The Triple Helix acknowledges explicitly the importance of higher education for innovation. However, in one line of interpretation it could be argued that the Triple Helix places the emphasis on knowledge production and innovation in the economy so it is compatible with the knowledge economy. The Quadruple Helix already encourages the perspective of the knowledge society, and of knowledge democracy for knowledge production and innovation. In a Quadruple Helix understanding, the sustainable development of a knowledge economy requires a coevolution with the knowledge society. The Quintuple Helix stresses the necessary socioecological transition of society and economy in the twenty-first century; therefore, the Quintuple Helix is ecologically sensitive. Within the framework of the Quintuple Helix innovation model, the natural environments of society and the economy also should be seen as drivers for knowledge production and innovation, therefore defining opportunities for the knowledge economy. The European Commission in 2009 identified the socioecological transition as a major challenge for the future roadmap of development. The Quintuple Helix supports here the formation of a win-win situation between ecology, knowledge and innovation, creating synergies between economy, society, and democracy. Global warming represents an area of ecological concern, to which the Quintuple Helix innovation model can be applied with greater potential.

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The Quintuple Helix innovation model: global warming as a challenge and driver for innovation

This book explains the transitions in twentieth-century industrial leadership from Britain to the United States and, most recently, to Japan, in terms of the changing business investment strategies and organizational structures in these nations. The author criticizes economists for failing to understand these historical changes. The book shows that this intellectual failure is not inherent in the discipline of economics; there are important traditions in economic thought that the mainstream of the economics profession has simply ignored.

Business Organization and the Myth of the Market Economy

Beyond formal R&D: Taking advantage of other sources of innovation in low- and medium-technology industries

It is often argued that high tech industries drive growth processes, and that they are the sources of growth in output, employment and productivity in the knowledge economy. This is a special case of a more general argument that economic growth is characterized by the creation of new and the replacement of old industries. ICT sectors are often treated as the most important examples of this enhanced role of high tech at the present time. This approach implies that low tech industries have declining 
shares of output for two reasons: their growth is lower (or they are declining absolutely) and they are relocating to low wage economies. That is, they exhibit trade-driven 'hollowing out'. If true, these claims would imply that shares of high tech output are rising significantly in growing economies, while low tech shares are falling 
significantly, and that countries with larger high tech sectors will exhibit higher growth rates. This paper examines such claims. The issues are explored using OECD 
manufacturing and trade data for the twenty-year period 1980-1999. We show that overall economic structures of OECD economies have changed, particularly reflecting the growth of financial services and social and community services. Within manufacturing, however, structural change has occurred but has been rather small, and does not account for the manufacturing growth that has occurred. We show that there is considerable variation in manufacturing structures across OECD economies, and argue that structural diversity would diminish over time if growth was high-tech 
driven. This does not occur - comparative structures persist over time, and growth performance across countries is not correlated with shares of high tech in manufacturing. The slowness of structural change means that low tech and medium low tech sectors remain by a wide margin the largest components of manufacturing output and employment in OECD economies. We examine trade patterns for low and medium low tech sectors, and show that changing domestic demand for low tech manufactures has largely been met by changing domestic production. There has been 
some widening of trade deficits, but this has been small: there is no trade-driven 'hollowing out'. We argue that these industries persist because of pervasive innovation within them: they are constantly renewed by technological upgrading, which accounts for their survival.

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Structural change, growth and innovation: the roles of medium and low-tech industries, 1980-2000

Scientific collaboration has become a major issue in science policy. The need to survey and follow up such collaboration calls for statistical indicators sensitive enough to reveal the structure and change of collaborative networks. Bibliometric analysis of co-authored scientific articles is one promising approach. This study presents data generated from a comprehensive analysis of some 20,000 articles produced by 22 Nordic universities (Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden) in 1993. The results show that scientific collaboration plays a key role for all universities, and that they collaborate with external institutions in just about the same extent. The inter-Nordic university network comprises about ten percent of all institutional collaborations. However, the amount of collaboration varies across fields, physics and medicine having a high degree of collaboration. The inter-Nordic network is of equal importance as the national network in physics and geosciences. Especially, when one looks at international collaboration outside the Nordic arena, the number of overlapping partners is quite low. This suggests that research specialization is the major force governing international contacts.

Research collaboration at Nordic universities

International mobility of researchers is increasingly constructed both as a science policy problem to be solved and as a goal to be pursued. Yet evidence on the experience of mobility and the factors associated with propensity to mobility remains patchy. We analyse comprehensive survey data on the mobility experience of university and non-university research institute researchers in the EU. Our results both confirm and challenge assertions about mobility made in the literature and in policy debates. We find that 57% of university respondents and 65% of institute respondents have experienced international mobility at least once in their research careers. We find that research visits are the most commonly experienced form of international mobility but that job migration (cross-country changes of employer) is also surprisingly common. International student mobility, and also industrial placement experience, seems to be a good predictor of subsequent mobility during the research career.

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International mobility: Findings from a survey of researchers in the EU

The future of cash: falling legal use and implications for government policy

The key message of this book is that heterogeneity should be seen as an intrinsic and indispensable element of knowledge systems. The authors address the concept of heterogeneity in a multi-disciplinary fashion, including perspectives from evolutionary economics and innovation system studies, and relate this approach to existing theories in a broad range of fields.

Aris Kaloudis

Papers

Structural change, growth and innovation: the roles of medium and low-tech industries, 1980-2000

Research collaboration at Nordic universities

International mobility: Findings from a survey of researchers in the EU

The future of cash: falling legal use and implications for government policy

Diversity in the Knowledge Economy and Society