Imagined communities: Reflections on the origin and spread of nationalism

https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.2307%2F3343168.pdf

Development as Freedom

Preface Introduction: Traditions of Nationhood in France and Germany I. The Institution of Citizenship 1. Citizenship as Social Closure 2. The French Revolution and the Invention of National Citizenship 3. State, State-System, and Citizenship in Germany II. Defining The Citizenry: The Bounds of Belonging 4. Citizenship and Naturalization in France and Germany 5. Migrants into Citizens: The Crystallization of Jus Soli in Late-Nineteenth-Century France 6. The Citizenry as Community of Descent: The Nationalization of Citizenship in Wilhelmine Germany 7. \"Etre Francais, Cela se Merite\": Immigration and the Politics of Citizenship in France in the 1980s 8. Continuities in the German Politics of Citizenship Conclusion Notes Bibliography Index

Citizenship and Nationhood in France and Germany.

Affirming Diversity: The Sociopolitical Context of Multicultural Education

Ethnic Groups in Conflict

In many cases horizontal inequalities persist over long periods. For example, black/white differentials in the US, or indigenous/Ladino differentials in Latin America have been in existence for centuries. Other examples include the northern peoples in Ghana and blacks in South Africa. In contrast, some immigrant groups who were initially poor relative to the national average soon achieved above-average incomes. Where horizontal inequalities (HIs) persist they are particularly deleterious as they trap people, generation after generation, in a situation of deprivation. These conditions may also give rise to greater social instability. Consequently, this chapter is devoted to understanding the determinants of socioeconomic HIs over time, why they are so persistent in some cases but prove temporary in others.

/pdf/horizontal-inequalities-explaining-persistence-and-change-4sz4hxazww.pdf

Horizontal Inequalities: Explaining Persistence and Change

In order to explain the emergence of violent conflicts, an increasing number of academic studies have focused on the role of inequalities between ‘culturally’ defined groups or ‘horizontal inequalities’. The concept and theory of horizontal inequalities is also gaining purchase in donor agencies and the broader international development community, particularly in the context of specific countries undergoing or recently emerged from violent conflicts in which such inequalities appear to have played an important role. In this article, we critically review the scope and evidence for the relationship between the presence of severe horizontal inequalities and the emergence of violent conflicts, and lay out areas demanding further research. We identify three main avenues for future research which could extend the horizontal inequality approach and deepen its analytical advances by focusing more attention away from the state. Two of these relate to the role of non-state centred dynamics in the evolution and inte...

Horizontal inequalities and conflict: a critical review and research agenda

While recent scholarship has highlighted the role of horizontal inequalities in provoking political instability and violent group mobilisation, some countries have been able to prevent their ethnic, religious or regional inequalities from escalating into widespread violence at the national level. This obviously raises the question: under what circumstances are horizontal inequalities more likely to provoke violent group action? In order to understand the linkages between horizontal inequalities and the emergence of violent conflict, we need to analyse not only countries where violent conflicts have emerged but also countries which have been able to manage their ethno-regional tensions and inequalities relatively peacefully. The current paper aims to do just that for the case of Ghana. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Living with diversity: The peaceful management of horizontal inequalities in Ghana

This book has argued that severe Horizontal Inequalities (HIs) predispose countries to violent conflict as well as reducing individuals’ well-being. Relevant HIs include socioeconomic, political and cultural status dimensions, and they are particularly damaging when they are consistent across dimensions. In the light of these findings, this chapter reviews policies towards reducing HIs.

/pdf/policies-towards-horizontal-inequalities-1tcckvx5ya.pdf

Policies Towards Horizontal Inequalities

Social cohesion is a key concept in development studies. Weak social cohesion is often related to slow economic growth and (violent) conflict. So far few attempts have been made to measure this complex concept in a systematic manner. This paper introduces an innovative method to measure national-level social cohesion based on survey data from 19 African countries. We distinguish three dimensions of social cohesion; i.e. the extent of perceived inequalities, the level of societal trust, and the strength of people’s adherence to their national identity. Importantly, our Social Cohesion Index (SCI) is based on individuals’ perceptions vis-a-vis these three different dimensions of social cohesion rather than certain macro-level ‘objective’ indicators such as GDP/capita or Gini-coefficients. We develop two social cohesion indices: a national average SCI and a Social Cohesion Index Variance-Adjusted (SCIVA); the latter one takes into account the level of variation across different ethnic groups within countries. The SCI and SCIVA are computed for and compared across nineteen African countries for the period 2005–2012 on the basis of Afrobarometer survey rounds 3, 4 and 5. We also investigate quantitatively the relationship between countries’ levels of social cohesion and the occurrence of a range of conflict events. As expected, we find that countries with low levels of social cohesion in a particular year according to our SCI are more likely to experience a range of different violent conflict events in the subsequent year.

/pdf/conceptualising-and-measuring-social-cohesion-in-africa-4rss80wme1.pdf

Arnim Langer

Papers

Horizontal Inequalities: Explaining Persistence and Change

Horizontal inequalities and conflict: a critical review and research agenda

Living with diversity: The peaceful management of horizontal inequalities in Ghana

Policies Towards Horizontal Inequalities

Conceptualising and Measuring Social Cohesion in Africa: Towards a Perceptions-Based Index