Common sense and economic theory suggest large revenues from natural resource projects should generate economic progress and development. Yet much evidence argues the opposite and that resource-rich countries suffer from ‘resource curse’. This paper provides a survey of the academic literature on the impact of natural resources on an economy. The topic has long attracted interest in the economics literature but more recently, interest has revived. The paper first considers the large body of empirical work examining the relationship between resource abundance, poor economic performance and poverty. While this evidence supports the view of a negative impact, it is not without criticism and some assert a few countries managed instead to receive a ‘blessing’. The paper assesses how the literature explains the transmission mechanisms between resource revenues and economic damage. Six areas are discussed: a long-term decline in terms of trade; revenue volatility; Dutch disease; crowding out effects; increasing the role of the state; and the socio-cultural and political impacts. Finally, various options from the literature to avoid negative impacts are analysed: not developing the mineral deposits; diversifying the economy away from dependence on oil, gas and mineral exports; sterilising the incoming revenue; the use of stabilisation and oil funds; and reconsidering investment policies. The paper finishes by assessing what political reforms might be needed to carry out the necessary policies to avoid negative impacts.

Resource Impact: Curse or Blessing? A Literature Survey

Introduction: The Project of Historiography Section 1: Beginnings - East and West Introduction 1.1 Asian Historiography: Two Traditions 1.2 Historiography and Greek Self-Definition .3 Re-Reading the Roman Historians 1.4 The Historiography of Rural Labour 1.5 Towards Late-Antiquity Section 2: The Medieval World Introduction 2.1 The Historiography of the Medieval State 2.2 Saladin and the Third Crusade 2.3 Family and Household 2.4 The Medieval Nobility 2.5 Armies and Warfare 2.6 Popular Religion Section 3: Early-Modern Historiography Introduction 3.1 The Idea of Early Modern History 3.2 The Scientific Revolution 3.3 Intellectual History 3.4 The English Reformation 3.5 Popular Culture in the Early-Modern West 3.6 Revisionism in Britain Section 4: Reflecting on the Modern Age Introduction I: Revolution and Ideology 4.1 The French Revolution 4.2 The Soviet Revolution 4.3 National Socialism in Germany 4.4 Fascism and Beyond in Italy 4.5 Orientalism London: II Area Studies 4.6 China 4.7 Japan 4.8 India 4.9 Africa 4.10 North America 4.11 Latin America Section 5: Contexts for the Writing of History I: Hinterlands 5.1 History and Philosophy 5.2 History and Anthropology 5.3 History and Archaeology 5.4 History of Art II: Approaches 5.5 The Historical Narrative 5.6 The Annales School 5.7 Marxist Historiography 5.8 Women in Historiography 5.9 Comparative World History 5.10 Archives and Technology

Companion to Historiography

Political parties provide a crucial link between voters and politicians. This link takes a variety of forms in democratic regimes, from the organization of political machines built around clientelistic networks to the establishment of sophisticated programmatic parties. Latin American Party Systems provides a novel theoretical argument to account for differences in the degree to which political party systems in the region were programmatically structured at the end of the twentieth century. Based on a diverse array of indicators and surveys of party legislators and public opinion, the book argues that learning and adaptation through fundamental policy innovations are the main mechanisms by which politicians build programmatic parties. Marshalling extensive evidence, the book�s analysis shows the limits of alternative explanations and substantiates a sanguine view of programmatic competition, nevertheless recognizing that this form of party system organization is far from ubiquitous and enduring in Latin America.

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Latin American Party Systems

State Building in Latin America diverges from existing scholarship in developing explanations both for why state-building efforts in the region emerged and for their success or failure. First, Latin American state leaders chose to attempt concerted state-building only where they saw it as the means to political order and economic development. Fragmented regionalism led to the adoption of more laissez-faire ideas and the rejection of state-building. With dominant urban centers, developmentalist ideas and state-building efforts took hold, but not all state-building projects succeeded. The second plank of the book's argument centers on strategies of bureaucratic appointment to explain this variation. Filling administrative ranks with local elites caused even concerted state-building efforts to flounder, while appointing outsiders to serve as administrators underpinned success. Relying on extensive archival evidence, the book traces how these factors shaped the differential development of education, taxation, and conscription in Chile, Colombia, Mexico, and Peru.

State building in Latin America

Introduction: the project of an Empire Part I Towards 'The Sceptre of the World': The Elements of Empire in the Long Nineteenth Century: 1 Victorian origins 2 The octopus power 3 The commercial republic 4 The Britannic experiment 5 'Un-British rule' in 'Anglo-India' 6 The weakest link: Britain and South Africa 7 The Edwardian transition Part II 'The Great Liner is Sinking': The British World-System in the Age of War: 8 The War for Empire, 1914-19 9 Making imperial peace, 1919-26 10 Holding the centre, 1927-37 11 The strategic abyss, 1937-42 12 The price of survival, 1943-51 13 The third world power, 1951-9 14 Reluctant retreat, 1959-68 Conclusion

The Empire Project: The Rise and Fall of the British World-System, 1830-1970

The Economic History of Latin America Since Independence

URING the past few years students from three continents have undertaken a great deal of new research on the rural history of Spanish America. Some of this research grows out of the current interest in social history which has inspired researchers to ask new questions of conventional sources, but much of the new work rests on the papers and accounting records of haciendas and plantations, some of which have been recently confiscated by agrarian reform agencies. Thus a cycle comes to a close as the Spanish American landed estate is given its death blow and then split open so that we may examine its historical entrails. With the beast laid out, the examining doctors have become more charitable about its long past life and there is no doubt that their work, which is just now appearing in print, will fundamentally change our understanding of rural society.' Within this general subject the story of rural working people has been particularly obscure. Lacking direct evidence, what little is known about peasants and peons has been necessarily inferred from the merest scraps in colonial archives and, for the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, our notions have come until fairly recently from the accounts of travelers and general texts. The voice of the historical actors itself is rarely heard. Nowhere is this sort of historical impressionism more apparent than in the discussion of debt, or debt peonage, and its role in agricultural labor. Unlike slavery or the systems of

https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/2514135.pdf

Rural Workers in Spanish America: Problems of Peonage and Oppression

The History of Chile

Chilean Rural Society from the Spanish Conquest to 1930

F ROM 1535, when the Spanish crown issued the first of several decrees that prohibited the acquisition of land by any "church, monastery, or ecclesiastic," to the end of the colonial period, the Catholic church, or, more correctly, the various branches and agencies of the Spanish church in America, managed to create a vast material base that ultimately reached into every corner of the newly converted Indies. Apprehensive of clerical power while at the same time convinced that restriction on rights to property would spare the church material concerns that might interfere with its spiritual mission, the crown sporadically opposed, but in the end was unwilling to limit, the income of an institution that provided the fundamental social cohesion in a disparate but pious empire. By the last third of the eighteenth century, however, the various elements that had permitted the church to flourish economicallycrown support, creole largesse, Indian and Black labor-began to come apart. At first, because of the peculiar way in which the church was involved in colonial economy and society, the clergy and creole property owners stood against the crown, an alliance that emerged in the conflict over the expulsion of the Jesuits and the Consolidation of 1804. With independence, however, and the removal of the royal bureaucracy, the victorious but impoverished creoles began to look upon the church for their financial, as much as their spiritual, salvation; the erstwhile ally quickly became the foremost prey. Here again, an important explanation may be found in the peculiar way the church and creole landowners were economically interrelated. The long-term development of ecclesiastical economy in Latin America from the cumulative buildup under crown protection to secularization by the later Bourbons and nineteenth-century liberals forms the political

Arnold J. Bauer

Papers

The Economic History of Latin America Since Independence

Rural Workers in Spanish America: Problems of Peonage and Oppression

The History of Chile

Chilean Rural Society from the Spanish Conquest to 1930

The Church in the Economy of Spanish America: Censos and Depósitos in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries