Summary
1. We examined published studies relating resting oxygen consumption to body mass and temperature in post-larval teleost fish. The resulting database comprised 138 studies of 69 species (representing 28 families and 12 orders) living over a temperature range of c. 40 °C.

2. Resting metabolic rate (Rb; mmol oxygen gas h–1) was related to body mass (M; wet mass, g) by Rb = aMb, where a is a constant and b the scaling exponent. The model was fitted by least squares linear regression after logarithmic transformation of both variables. The mean value of scaling exponent, b, for the 69 individual species was 0·79 (SE 0·11). The general equation for all teleost fish was 1nRb = 0·80(1nM) – 5·43.

3. The relationship between resting oxygen consumption and environmental temperature for a 50-g fish was curvilinear. A typical tropical fish at 30°C requires approximately six times as much oxygen for resting metabolism as does a polar fish at 0°C. This relationship could be fitted by several statistical models, of which the Arrhenius model is probably the most appropriate. The Arrhenius model for the resting metabolism of 69 species of teleost fish, corrected to a standard body mass of 50 g, was 1nRb = 15·7 – 5·02.T–1, where T is absolute temperature (103 × K).

4. The Arrhenius model fitted to all 69 species exhibited a lower thermal sensitivity of resting metabolism (mean Q10 = 1·83 over the range 0–30 °C) than typical within-species acclimation studies (median Q10 = 2·40, n = 14). This suggests that evolutionary adaptation has reduced the overall thermal sensitivity of resting metabolism across species. Analysis of covariance indicated that the relationships between resting metabolic rate and temperature for various taxa (orders) showed similar slopes but significantly different mean rates.

5. Analysis of the data for perciform fish provided no support for metabolic cold adaptation (the hypothesis that polar fish show a resting metabolic rate higher than predicted from the overall rate/temperature relationship established for temperate and tropical species).

6. Taxonomic variation in mean resting metabolic rate showed no relationship to phylogeny, although the robustness of this conclusion is constrained by our limited knowledge of fish evolutionary history.

https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1046/j.1365-2656.1999.00337.x

Scaling of metabolic rate with body mass and temperature in teleost fish

Cytochrome c oxidase is discussed as a possible photoacceptor when cells are irradiated with monochromatic red to near-IR radiation. Four primary action mechanisms are reviewed: changes in the redox properties of the respiratory chain components following photoexcitation of their electronic states, generation of singlet oxygen, localized transient heating of absorbing chromophores, and increased superoxide anion production with subsequent increase in concentration of the product of its dismutation, H2O2. A cascade of reactions connected with alteration in cellular homeostasis parameters (pHi, [Cai], cAMP, Eh, [ATP] and some others) is considered as a photosignal transduction and amplification chain in a cell (secondary mechanisms).

Primary and secondary mechanisms of action of visible to near-IR radiation on cells.

Chapter 4 – SOLAR UV IRRADIATION AND THE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF HIGHER PLANTS

Publisher Summary This chapter deals with the absorption spectra of proteins and amino acids The colored proteins are conjugated proteins in which the protein carrier is colorless This transparency of protein solutions extends into the ultraviolet region of the spectrum and many proteins do not absorb radiation of longer wavelength than 2500 Ǻ The essential protein fabric, consisting of a peptide chain in various forms, is not responsible for absorption at longer wavelengths In case of fibrous proteins, there is some evidence that the peptide fabric is responsible for absorption in this region Many proteins absorb in this region This absorption is due to the aromatic amino-acids present in the protein The advent of quantitative methods of spectrophotometry is the basis of a method of determining tyrosine and tryptophan in proteins The striking property of proteins is their transparency, indicating a high degree of electronic saturation The configurational stability of the protein molecule depends entirely on extra-valence forces and not on unsaturation, which would result in high absorption in the ultraviolet The absence of such rigidifying bonds endows the protein with its unique characters of plasticity, while the number-sequence of side chains gives its chemical constancy These two properties allow these molecules to be arranged in large polymorphic masses to form a matrix fabric of recurrent pattern in media, which are essentially aqueous The material reviewed is principally derived from the study of homogeneous absorbing systems, in which the inhomogeneity is finer in grade by several orders than the dimensions of the exploring light beam

Ultraviolet absorption spectra of proteins and amino acids.

1 Internal Factors.- A. Hunger: Expression through Overt behavior.- I. Predatory Schedules.- 1. Patterns of Satiation.- 2. Feast and Famine.- II. Hunger and Diel Rhythms.- III. The Ramification of Hunger Effects.- 1. Capture-eliciting Prey Stimuli.- 2. Search behavior.- IV. The Motivation Underlying Feeding Responses.- 1. Hunger Thresholds of Feeding Response Components.- 2. The Complexity of Predatory Motivation.- V. The Diversity of Foraging Tactics.- VI. Feeding Components Affected and not Affected by Hunger.- B. The Control of Feeding Responses by Factors Other than Hunger.- I. The Readiness to Hunt.- II. Prey Storing.- III. Providing Food for Dependent Family Members.- C. The Problem of Specific Hungers.- I. Switching of Prey.- II. The Prey-density Predation Curve.- III. Swamping the Appetite of Predators.- D. Daily and Annual Rhythms in Predator-Prey Interactions.- I. Daily Rhythm of Predation.- II. Daily Activity Patterns of the Prey.- III. Annual Rhythm of Predation.- 2 Searching for Prey.- A. Path of Searching and Scanning Movements.- B. Area-concentrated Search.- I. Short-term Area Concentration.- 1. Living Scattered and Area-concentrated Search.- 2. The Nature of the Path Changes.- 3. Search Behavior after the Disappearance of Prey.- II. Long-term Area Concentration.- III. One-prey : One-place Association.- C. Object-concentrated Search.- I. Existence and Properties of "Searching Image".- 1. Ecological Evidence.- 2. Experimental Evidence.- II. Social Facilitation of Searching Image Formation.- III. Searching Image and "Training Bias".- IV. Searching Image and Profitability of Hunting.- 1. Ecological Evidence for Profitability of Hunting.- 2. Experimental Evidence for Profitability of Hunting.- V. Prey-specific Expectation.- VI. Ecological Implications of Searching Image.- 3 Prey Recognition.- A. The Stimulus-specificity of Prey Capture.- I. Capture-eliciting Prey Stimuli.- II. Capture-inhibiting Prey Stimuli.- B. One-prey : One-response Relationships.- C. The Assessment of the Circumstances of a Hunt.- D. Prey Recognition by Prey-related Signals.- E. Prey Stimulus Summation.- F. Novelty Versus Familiarity.- I. The Rejection of Novel Prey.- II. Familiarization with Prey and Its Consequences.- G. The Multi-channel Hypothesis of Prey Recognition.- 4 Prey Selection.- A. Preying upon the Weak and the Sick.- B. Preying upon the Odd and the Conspicuous.- C. The Mechanics of Prey Selection.- D. Evolutionary Implications.- 5 Hunting for Prey.- A. Modes of Hunting.- I. Hunting by Speculation.- II. Stalking and Ambushing.- 1. Stalking.- 2. Ambushing.- III. Prey Attack under Disguise.- IV. Pursuit of the Prey.- 1. Changes of Velocity of Attack (Pursuit).- 2. Interception of the Flight Path.- 3. Counteradaptations of the Prey.- V. Exhausting Dangerous Prey.- VI. Insinuation.- VII. Scavenging and Cleptoparasitism.- 1. Modes and Extent.- 2. Cleptoparasitism and Competition.- 3. Counter-measures of the Robbed.- VIII. Tool-use.- IX. Mutilation.- B. The Diversity of Hunting Methods.- I. Prey-specific Methods.- II. Situation-specific Methods.- III. Mechanisms and Causes of Predatory Versatility.- 1. General.- 2. Individual Predatory Repertories.- 3. The Persistence of Individual Traits.- 4. Predatory Specialization and Structural Modification.- 5. Predatory Versatility in Relation to Prey Availability.- C. Behavioral Aspects of Hunting Success.- I. A Comparison of Hunting Success across Predator Species.- II. Variables Influencing Hunting Success within Predator Species.- III. Aspects of Communal Hunting.- 1. Modes and Properties of Communal Hunting.- 2. Factors Conducive to Communal Hunting.- 3. Benefits of Communal Hunting.- References.- Scientific Names of Animals and Plants.

The Ethology of Predation

Reproduction of marine invertebrates

Chapter 1 – INTRODUCTION: GENERAL PRINCIPLES

T HE paucity of information on the reproductive cycles of marine invertebrates led to the establishment of a project devoted to the investigation of this problem in a number of common marine invertebrates (Giese, 1959). Earlier work in this laboratory dealt largely with echinoderms (Lasker and Giese, 1954; Bennett and Giese, 1955). More recently, members of other phyla-Sipunculida, Mollusca, and Arthropoda-have come under consideration. In all cases an attempt is being made to survey the over-all reproductive cycles without, at this time, pausing to study any one in great detail. Such studies should follow the present exploratory survey. Among arthropods, attention has been focused primarily on a variety of shore crabs. The present investigation deals with the reproductive cycle of three brachyurans.--Pachygrapsus crassipes (the striped shore crab), Hemigrapsus nudus (the purple shore crab), and Pugettia producta (the kelp crab)-and two

Reproductive Cycles of Five West Coast Crabs

1. The intestinal tract of the sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, consists of two loops, the first clockwise, the second counter-clockwise (as seen looking in at the mouth). Both loops are well supplied with glands.2. Experiments present evidence for an amylase and a proteinase in the sea urchin intestine but none for enzymes capable of digesting entire algae or agar. However, the extract of ground gut was capable of digesting iridophycin, a galactan from the red alga, Iridophycus.3. Agar-digesting bacteria are present in the second loop of the intestine in large numbers from 106 to 107 per ml. of gut contents. Total bacteria as determined by a count with a Petroff-Hauser counting chamber reach the value of 2 x 1011 per ml. They are largely confined to the pellicle which surrounds each particle of alga.4. The bacteria inoculated from the gut of the sea urchin are capable of completely digesting the alga, Iridophycus flaccidum, in the course of a week. Many of the intestinal bacteria are capable of...

Arthur C. Giese

Papers

Reproduction of marine invertebrates

Chapter 1 – INTRODUCTION: GENERAL PRINCIPLES

Reproductive Cycles of Five West Coast Crabs

Nutrition of the sea urchin, strongylocentrotus purpuratus

Annual reproductive cycles in four species of West Coast starfishes