Criticism and the Growth of Knowledge. Edited by I. Lakatos and A. Musgrave. Pp. viii, 282. £3·50, paperback £1. 1970. (Cambridge University Press.)

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Experimental And Quasi Experimental Designs For Research

Three socially aversive traits—Machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy—have been studied as an overlapping constellation known as the Dark Triad. Here, we develop and validate the Short Dark Triad (SD3), a brief proxy measure. Four studies (total N = 1,063) examined the structure, reliability, and validity of the subscales in both community and student samples. In Studies 1 and 2, structural analyses yielded three factors with the final 27 items loading appropriately on their respective factors. Study 3 confirmed that the resulting SD3 subscales map well onto the longer standard measures. Study 4 validated the SD3 subscales against informant ratings. Together, these studies indicate that the SD3 provides efficient, reliable, and valid measures of the Dark Triad of personalities.

Introducing the short Dark Triad (SD3): a brief measure of dark personality traits.

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Beck Depression Inventory-IIについての一考察

Meta-analytic procedures for social research

Relatively little is known about the relations between psychopathic traits and interpersonally-directed versus organizationally-directed workplace behaviors despite the implications of these traits for maladaptive (e.g., bullying, harassing, white-collar crime, slacking) and adaptive (e.g., improving the workplace, supporting others) workplace behaviors. In a sample of employed US-based community members (N = 352), we investigated the relations between the Triarchic Psychopathy Measure (TriPM) and an expanded version of the Levenson Self-Report Psychopathy Scale (E-LSRP), on the one hand, and interpersonal and organizational counterproductive behaviors and citizenship behaviors directed towards co-workers and the organization, on the other. As predicted, we found stronger positive associations between impulsive-antisocial traits (Disinhibition, Antisocial) and both interpersonal and organizational workplace deviance; however, these traits did not relate significantly to citizenship behaviors. We further found that interpersonal traits (Boldness, Egocentric) may play an adaptive role in the workplace, as demonstrated by increased citizenship behaviors. Affective traits (Callous, Meanness) were related to lesser engagement in citizenship behaviors and higher engagement in some interpersonally-directed counterproductive behaviors. In several analyses, statistical interactions among triarchic psychopathy traits, but not E-LSRP traits, predicted adaptive and maladaptive workplace behaviors. Our results suggest that employees’ psychopathic traits bear differential implications for both adaptive and maladaptive workplace behavior, and that these traits may operate in concert to increase the likelihood of such behavior.

Psychopathic personality traits in the workplace: Implications for interpersonally- and organizationally-directed counterproductive and citizenship behaviors

Scott O. Lilienfeld maintained an intense and probing interest in the interface of personality and psychopathology. He was especially intrigued by the personality systems subserving the clinical construct/disorder of psychopathy. Each of us knew Lilienfeld at various junctures in his academic career, and here we celebrate his scientific interest in this substantive area of clinical psychological science. We share our intellectual and theoretical forays in the challenging terrain of the personality–psychopathology interface through brief overviews of our respective contributions and models on this topic. We share our perspectives, which at times are overlapping and at times divergent, with reference to the corpus of published work that each of us has produced through our respective research programs. We invite the reader to sample our different perspectives, to engage with this fascinating area, and, in doing so, to implicitly embrace Lilienfeld’s scientific passion for this developing area of personality and psychopathology science.

Reflections on the Personality and Psychopathology Interface in Honor of Scott O. Lilienfeld: Toward Illuminating the Nature of the Processes Underlying Personality Disturbances

Much of the current research on the neurobiology of crime has examined samples of individuals who meet criteria for disorders that commonly result in criminal behaviour, such as antisocial personality disorder (APD) and psychopathy. The prefrontal cortex, and in particular orbitofrontal region, plays a role in decision-making and inhibition, whereas amygdala and hippocampus are involved in emotional processing. This chapter attempts to clarify how neurobiological research has begun to elucidate how deficits in particular brain regions might put someone at risk for criminal behaviour, in hopes to better understand its aetiology. This information could lead to advances in treatment and management of individuals whose actions lead to their involvement in the criminal justice system. For example, previous research on violent offenders that takes into account the effects of severe physical child abuse found brain differences that indicate that dysfunction in right temporal cortex combined with serious child abuse may put someone at greater likelihood of violently offending as an adult.

Scientific research in forensic samples

Sipping, an early form of alcohol initiation, is associated with aspects of psychopathology and personality that reflect long-term risk for harmful alcohol use. In the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development cohort (N = 11,872), sipping by age 9-10 was concurrently associated with impulsivity, other aspects of externalizing, and prodromal schizophrenia symptoms. Still, these associations were cross-sectional in nature, leaving open the possibility that these features of psychopathology and personality might not reflect long-term risk for alcohol consumption and related harm across development. Here, we attempted to replicate baseline concurrent associations across three waves of data to extend concurrent associations to prospective ones. Most cross-sectional associations replicated across waves, such that impulsivity, other aspects of externalizing, reward sensitivity (e.g., surgency, sensation seeking), and prodromal schizophrenia symptoms were associated with increased odds of having sipped alcohol by the age of 12. Nevertheless, not all concurrent associations replicated prospectively; impulsigenic features did not reflect long-term risk for sipping. Thus, some psychopathology features appeared to reflect stable risk factors, whereas others appeared to reflect state-dependent risk factors. All told, sipping might not reflect long-term risk for harmful alcohol use, and the nature of sipping may change across development.

Ashley L. Watts

Papers

Psychopathic personality traits in the workplace: Implications for interpersonally- and organizationally-directed counterproductive and citizenship behaviors

Reflections on the Personality and Psychopathology Interface in Honor of Scott O. Lilienfeld: Toward Illuminating the Nature of the Processes Underlying Personality Disturbances

Scientific research in forensic samples

Psychopathology as dynamic markers of alcohol initiation across development: A three-year longitudinal examination.

A comparison of logistic regression methods for Ising model estimation.