Ashley Langer

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors evaluate the determinants of congestion costs for motorists, trucking operations, and shipping firms and conclude that even if the allocation of spending were optimized to minimize congestion costs, it still is not a cost effective way to reduce congestion.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors evaluate the determinants of congestion costs for motorists, trucking operations, and shipping firms and conclude that even if the allocation of spending were optimized to minimize congestion costs, it still is not a cost effective way to reduce congestion.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors provide empirical evidence that automobile manufacturers use cash incentives to offset how gasoline price fluctuations affect the expected fuel expenses of automobile buyers, and highlight that carbon taxes and emissions trading programs likely would generate substantial substitution within vehicle classes, and studies that ignore manufacturer discounting likely underestimate consumer demand for fuel economy.

TL;DR: This paper found that a VMT tax dominates a gasoline tax on efficiency, distributional, and political grounds when policymakers enact independent fuel economy policies and when the VMTtax is differentiated with externalities imposed per mile.

TL;DR: In this article, the value of dynamic enforcement by developing and estimating a dynamic model of a plant and regulator, where plants decide when to invest in pollution abatement technologies, is estimated.