Declines in coral abundance have been linked to increased sedimentation at many locations across the world and at some of these locations there have been subsequent increases in sponge abundance. These shifts appear counterintuitive as sponges are suspension feeders and many rely on photosymbionts for carbon. At a sedimented reef in Indonesia (Wakatobi) corals have declined and the photoautotrophic sponge Lamellodysidea herbacea is now abundant. We hypothesise that this is partly due to L. herbacea’s ability to clear its tissues of high levels of settled-sediment and compensate for associated metabolic demands by altering its respiration rate. Negligible detrimental effects to sponge tissue were observed after treatments up to five times the sedimentation rate of the highly sedimented reef. Rapid sediment clearance occurred that was potentially aided by mucus production. Finally, high sediment exposure caused an immediate reduction in respiration rate, likely due to reduced pumping to prevent clogging, whereas sustained high sedimentation caused an increase in respiration rate, potentially due to the energetic cost of mucus production. Our study provides evidence that some sponges can tolerate environments that appear unsuitable to many corals and with increased sedimentation this acclimation may support further transitions to sponge dominated reefs in the future.

/pdf/metabolic-responses-of-a-phototrophic-sponge-to-4pkx0m6vha.pdf

Metabolic responses of a phototrophic sponge to sedimentation supports transitions to sponge-dominated reefs

The brines of natural salt lakes with total salt concentrations exceeding 30% are often colored red by dense communities of halophilic microorganisms. Such red brines are found in the north arm of Great Salt Lake, Utah, in the alkaline hypersaline lakes of the African Rift Valley, and in the crystallizer ponds of coastal and inland salterns where salt is produced by evaporation of seawater or some other source of saline water. Red blooms were also reported in the Dead Sea in the past. Different types of pigmented microorganisms may contribute to the coloration of the brines. The most important are the halophilic archaea of the class Halobacteria that contain bacterioruberin carotenoids as well as bacteriorhodopsin and other retinal pigments, β-carotene-rich species of the unicellular green algal genus Dunaliella and bacteria of the genus Salinibacter (class Rhodothermia) that contain the carotenoid salinixanthin and the retinal protein xanthorhodopsin. Densities of prokaryotes in red brines often exceed 2-3×107 cells/mL. I here review the information on the biota of the red brines, the interactions between the organisms present, as well as the possible roles of the red halophilic microorganisms in the salt production process and some applied aspects of carotenoids and retinal proteins produced by the different types of halophiles inhabiting the red brines.

The microbiology of red brines

Seaweed farming in Indonesia is carried out throughout much of the archipelago and is mainly undertaken by smallholder farmers. Indonesia is the largest global producer of the red seaweeds Kappaphycus and Eucheuma, which are used to produce carrageenan, and is a major producer of Gracilaria, which is used to produce agar. Seaweed farming is attractive to farmers in rural coastal communities because capital and operating costs are low, farming techniques are not technically demanding, labour requirements are relatively low (allowing farmers to engage in other livelihoods), and production cycles are short (30–45 days), providing regular income. Using reported values for seaweed-farming income, we conclude that seaweed farming can, but does not always, lift rural households above the Indonesian poverty line. In addition to direct financial benefits, seaweed farming also contributes to human and social capital within seaweed farming households and communities. Achieving continued economic and social benefits from seaweed farming will require additional policy development, as well as research and development to support improved and more consistent seaweed productivity and improved product quality at the farm level, provision of effective extension and technical support services, and diversification of the existing value chains in order to reduce the impacts of price fluctuations that are associated with limited global commodity chains.

Seaweed Aquaculture in Indonesia Contributes to Social and Economic Aspects of Livelihoods and Community Wellbeing

Sponge-associated bacteria play a critical role in sponge biology, metabolism and ecology, but how they interact with their host sponges and the role of these interactions are poorly understood. This study investigated the role of the interaction between the sponge Aplysilla rosea and its associated actinobacterium, Streptomyces ACT-52A, in modifying sponge microbial diversity, metabolite profile and bioactivity. A recently developed experimental approach that exposes sponges to bacteria of interest in a controlled aquarium system was improved by including the capture and analysis of secreted metabolites by the addition of an absorbent resin in the seawater. In a series of controlled aquaria, A. rosea was exposed to Streptomyces ACT-52A at 106 cfu/ml and monitored for up to 360 h. Shifts in microbial communities associated with the sponges occurred within 24 to 48 h after bacterial exposure and continued until 360 h, as revealed by TRFLP. The metabolite profiles of sponge tissues also changed substantially as the microbial community shifted. Control sponges (without added bacteria) and Streptomyces ACT-52A-exposed sponges released different metabolites into the seawater that was captured by the resin. The antibacterial activity of compounds collected from the seawater increased at 96 and 360 h of exposure for the treated sponges compared to the control group due to new compounds being produced and released. Increased antibacterial activity of metabolites from treated sponge tissue was observed only at 360 h, whereas that of control sponge tissue remained unchanged. The results demonstrate that the interaction between sponges and their associated bacteria plays an important role in regulating secondary metabolite production.

The role of sponge-bacteria interactions: the sponge Aplysilla rosea challenged by its associated bacterium Streptomyces ACT-52A in a controlled aquarium system

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1755-1315/278/1/012026/pdf

Antifungal activity of chitosan oligomer prepared using chitosanase of Aeromonas media KLU 11.16

Mikroba laut, khususnya fungi, banyak digunakan sebagai sumber senyawa bioaktif baru. Banyak dari senyawa ini digunakan sebagai senyawa pemandu dalam pencarian obat-obatan baru antikanker. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui aktivitas sitotoksik ekstrak fungi MFW -01-08. Fungi diisolasi dari ascidia laut Aplidium longithoraxyang diambil dari Taman Nasional Laut Wakatobi, Sulawesi Tenggara. Fungi MFW-01-08 diisolasi dengan menggunakan media malt extract agar (MEA) kemudian dikultivasi selama 5 minggu (statis) pada suhu 27–29 o C dalam media SWS yang mengandung pepton soya (0,1%), pati larut air (2,0%), dan air laut buatan (1 L). Uji sitotoksik dilakukan menggunakan sel lestari T47D (kanker payudara) berdasarkan metode MTT assay. Senyawa metabolit sekunder dari miselium fungi diekstraksi dengan campuran diklorometan – metanol 1 : 1 sedangkan media kultur fungi diekstraksi dengan etil asetat. Hasil uji MTT memperlihatkan bahwa ekstrak media kultur memiliki aktivitas sitotoksik medium (IC 50 = 92,6 µg/mL) dan ekstrak miselium tidak menunjukkan aktivitas sitotoksik (IC 50 183,6µg/mL) terhadap sel T47D. Oleh karena itu penelitian lanjutan akan difokuskan pada ekstrak media kultur.

https://www.bbp4b.litbang.kkp.go.id/jurnal-jpbkp/index.php/jpbkp/article/download/412/258

Kultivasi Fungi Mfw-01-08 yang Diisolasi dari Ascidia Aplidium longithorax dan Uji Aktivitas Sitotoksiknya Terhadap Sel Kanker Payudara T47D

Penelitian ini merupakan sebagian dari rangkaian penelitian mengenai eksplorasi enzim kitinolitik dari mikroba lingkungan laut, khususnya dari limbah udang. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi isolat bakteri KPU 2123 dari limbah udang, mengkarakterisasi dan mengaplikasikan enzim kitosanase yang dihasilkan oleh bakteri tersebut untuk produksi oligomer kitosan dan menguji bioaktivitas oligomer kitosan tersebut sebagai antitumor dan antibakteri. Karakterisasi enzim dilakukan dengan menguji aktivitas enzim pada berbagai suhu dan pH. Selain itu juga ditentukan besarnya aktivitas yang tersisa setelah enzim diinkubasi pada suhu dan lama waktu tertentu. Pengaruh ion logam terhadap aktivitas enzim juga dilihat dengan mereaksikan enzim dengan 1 mM ion logam dalam bentuk larutan khlorida. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa berdasarkan analisis gen 16S-rRNA, isolat bakteri KPU 2123 memiliki kemiripan 95% dengan Stanotrophomonas maltophilia . Enzim kitosanase dari isolat ini bekerja optimal pada suhu 50 oC dan pH 6. Enzim ini cukup stabil pada suhu 37 oC selama 120 menit. Penambahan ion logam berpengaruh terhadap aktivitas enzim. Ion logam Zn² + (sebagai garam klorida 1 mM) menghambat 100% aktivitas enzim tersebut. Penggunaan enzim kitosanase dalam menghidrolisis substrat kitosan, menghasilkan oligomer kitosan yang mengandung tetramer, pentamer dan heksamer Oligor kitosan tersebut mampu menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri Staphylococcus aureus sebesar 10,06% dan dapat menyebabkan kematian sel HeLa dengan LC 50 pada dosis 120 ppm.

https://www.bbp4b.litbang.kkp.go.id/jurnal-jpbkp/index.php/jpbkp/article/download/438/284

Karakterisasi enzim kitosanase dar] isolat bakteri kpu 2123 dan aplikasinya untuk produks1 oligomer kitosan

Penggunaan mikroba sebagai sumber senyawa bioaktif memiliki beberapa kelebihan di antaranya mempersingkat waktu produksi dan menghindari pemanfaatan sumberdaya laut secara berlebih. Penelitian terdahulu menghasilkan beberapa isolat mikroba yang berpotensi sebagai penghasil senyawa bioaktif, di antaranya adalah isolat kapang MFW 26-08. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melakukan optimasi pertumbuhan isolat kapang MFW 26-08 dan produksi senyawa bioaktif yang disekresikan oleh kapang tersebut. Optimasi dilakukan dengan menggunakan 3 jenis media: Malt Extract Broth (MEB), Glucose Peptone Yeast (GPY), dan Minimal Fungal Media(MFM); serta waktu kultivasi 2, 4, 6, 8, dan 10 minggu. Hasil riset menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak kasar kapang MFW 26-08 hasil kultivasi 2 minggu dalam medium MFM, pada konsentrasi 30 µg/mL, mampu menghambat 89% pertumbuhan sel kanker payudara T47D. Sedangkan pada konsentrasi 100 µg/mL ekstrak kapang yang dikultivasi dalam medium MEB selama 6 minggu, mampu menghambat pembentukan radikal bebas sampai 56%. Hasil identifikasi berdasarkan sifat-sifat morfologi dan molekuler menggunakan 18S rRNA, ITS1, dan ITS4 menunjukkan bahwa isolat MFW 26-08 memiliki kemiripan dengan Aspergillus ustussebesar 99%

https://www.bbp4b.litbang.kkp.go.id/jurnal-jpbkp/index.php/jpbkp/article/download/411/257

Produksi Senyawa Bioaktif dari Aspergillus ustus MFW 26-08 yang Berasosiasi dengan Spons Laut dalam Berbagai Media

Chitooligosaccharide (COS) , which is a derivative product from chitosan, has recently been used as a functional food because it has antimicrobial, antifungal, and antitumor properties. The salt content in chitooligosaccharide is one of the main problems in application as functional food or pharmaceutical medicine. The aim of this study was to remove salt from COS with two desalting techniques and determine the variation of COSs in the product. The desalting technique used were dialysis with 10kD Molecular Weight Cut Off (MWCO) and gel filtration chromatography HiPrep 26/10 desalting with G-25 Superfine Sephadex as stationary phase in the column. In order to detect the presence of COS, Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) method was used, followed by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI–TOF–MS) to detect low concentration of COS. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of salt presence were identified using silver nitrate and Volhard method respectively. Ash content was measured using gravimetric method. Results showed those dialysis and gel filtration chromatographies were successfully remove the most of the salt from COS with efficiency of desalting up to 100%. However, the best desalting technique was gel filtration chromatography HiPrep 26/10 which has more complete COS with various degrees of polymerization present in the result.

https://www.bbp4b.litbang.kkp.go.id/squalen-bulletin/index.php/squalen/article/download/110/pdf

Desalination of chitoologosaccaharides using gel filtration and ultrafiltration

Production of bioactive compounds from marine benthic organisms is suggested to relate ecologically with environment. However, anthropogenic pressures cause a considerable damage to coral reefs environment. This research aimed to define the pattern sponges biopotential values at the increasing of anthropogenic pressures to coral reef environment. Three representative sponges were selected (Theonella sp., Hyrtios sp., and Niphates sp.) and study had been conducted in Hoga Island, Indonesia, to define the relationship between seawater variables (DO, pH, phosphate, and ammonia ions), sponges spatial competition, and their bioactivity level (Brine Shrimp Lethality Test). The study showed anthropogenic pressures affect the reef environment, as abiotic cover was increased and eutrophication was detected at the site closer to the run-off domesticated area. Statistical multivariate analyses revealed sponges spatial competition was significantly different (P < 0.05) between groups of high, moderate, and low bioactivity level. Abiotic cover was detected as the major factor (36.19%) contributed to the differences and also the most discriminant factor distinguishing sponges spatial competition in the groups of bioactivity level (93.91%). These results showed the increasing anthropogenic pressures may result in a higher abiotic area and may directly be a consequence to the lower production of bioactive compounds in sponges.

/pdf/will-the-increasing-of-anthropogenic-pressures-reduce-the-558bo77g5a.pdf

Asri Pratitis

Papers

Kultivasi Fungi Mfw-01-08 yang Diisolasi dari Ascidia Aplidium longithorax dan Uji Aktivitas Sitotoksiknya Terhadap Sel Kanker Payudara T47D

Karakterisasi enzim kitosanase dar] isolat bakteri kpu 2123 dan aplikasinya untuk produks1 oligomer kitosan

Produksi Senyawa Bioaktif dari Aspergillus ustus MFW 26-08 yang Berasosiasi dengan Spons Laut dalam Berbagai Media

Desalination of chitoologosaccaharides using gel filtration and ultrafiltration

Will the Increasing of Anthropogenic Pressures Reduce the Biopotential Value of Sponges