THE DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF EXPERIMENTS. By Oscar Kempthorne. New York, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1952. 631 pp. $8.50. This book by a teacher of statistics (as well as a consultant for \"experimenters\") is a comprehensive study of the philosophical background for the statistical design of experiment. It is necessary to have some facility with algebraic notation and manipulation to be able to use the volume intelligently. The problems are presented from the theoretical point of view, without such practical examples as would be helpful for those not acquainted with mathematics. The mathematical justification for the techniques is given. As a somewhat advanced treatment of the design and analysis of experiments, this volume will be interesting and helpful for many who approach statistics theoretically as well as practically. With emphasis on the \"why,\" and with description given broadly, the author relates the subject matter to the general theory of statistics and to the general problem of experimental inference. MARGARET J. ROBERTSON

The Design and Analysis of Experiments

1. INTRODUCTION Among the classes of highly porous materials, metalÀorganic frameworks (MOFs) are unparalleled in their degree of tunability and structural diversity as well as their range of chemical and physical properties. MOFs are extended crystalline structures wherein metal cations or clusters of cations (\" nodes \") are connected by multitopic organic \" strut \" or \" linker \" ions or molecules. The variety of metal ions, organic linkers, and structural motifs affords an essentially infinite number of possible combinations. 1 Furthermore, the possibility for postsynthetic modification adds an additional dimension to the synthetic variability. 2 Coupled with the growing library of experimentally determined structures, the potential to computationally predict, with good accuracy, affinities of guests for host frameworks points to the prospect of routinely predesigning frameworks to deliver desired properties. 3,4 MOFs are often compared to zeolites for their large internal surface areas, extensive porosity, and high degree of crystallinity. Correspondingly, MOFs and zeolites have been utilized for many of the same applications

Metal–Organic Framework Materials as Chemical Sensors

The boundary layer equations for plane, incompressible, and steady flow are 

$$\matrix{ {u{{\partial u} \over {\partial x}} + v{{\partial u} \over {\partial y}} = - {1 \over \varrho }{{\partial p} \over {\partial x}} + v{{{\partial ^2}u} \over {\partial {y^2}}},} \cr {0 = {{\partial p} \over {\partial y}},} \cr {{{\partial u} \over {\partial x}} + {{\partial v} \over {\partial y}} = 0.} \cr }$$

Boundary Layer Theory

Advances in the development of novel cobalt Fischer-Tropsch catalysts for synthesis of long-chain hydrocarbons and clean fuels.

Fundamental and applied research in chemistry and biology benefits from opportunities provided by droplet-based microfluidic systems. These systems enable the miniaturization of reactions by compartmentalizing reactions in droplets of femoliter to microliter volumes. Compartmentalization in droplets provides rapid mixing of reagents, control of the timing of reactions on timescales from milliseconds to months, control of interfacial properties, and the ability to synthesize and transport solid reagents and products. Droplet-based microfluidics can help to enhance and accelerate chemical and biochemical screening, protein crystallization, enzymatic kinetics, and assays. Moreover, the control provided by droplets in microfluidic devices can lead to new scientific methods and insights.

/pdf/reactions-in-droplets-in-microfluidic-channels-22iig0bcxm.pdf

Reactions in Droplets in Microfluidic Channels

Computational fluid dynamics simulations are used to study the mixing characteristics of a microscale mixer for gaseous flow as a function of various operating and design parameters. The device is based on a T configuration and gases of different viscosities are employed. Simulations show that the mixing length increases with the fluid speed and is also influenced by the mixer aspect ratio. Altering the angle between the inlet channels does not significantly affect the mixing performance, whilst throttling the fluid considerably decreases the mixing length. The results are compared with Fourier number predictions and it is demonstrated that these can provide useful limits for a preliminary design.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0960-1317/11/2/307/pdf

Mixing characteristics of T-type microfluidic mixers

A variety of gas-liquid microchannel reactors have been developed so far, using different contacting principles. Some devices utilize continuous-phase contacting (i.e., nondispersed separate phases with large specific interfaces). Among these are microstructured falling film, overlapping channel, and mesh reactors. Dispersed-phase contacting is obtained when one of the phases is interdispersed into the other phase. Regular flow patterns are provided by the segmented (Taylor) flow in a single microchannel or numbered-up versions such as the microbubble column; other flow patterns such as annular flow may be achieved as well. Foam microreactors utilize a moving rigid 3-D bubble network at high gas content. Miniaturized packed-bed microreactors follow the paths of classical engineering by enabling trickle-bed operation. Because of the often highly regular flow pattern, not obtained in conventional gas-liquid contactors, an understanding of the underlying hydrodynamics and heat and mass transfer is crucial for optimal performance of all types of gas-liquid microstructural reactors. Several examples are given, including film-thickness measurements, flow-pattern maps, determination of mass-transfer coefficients, residence-time distributions, scale-out issues, etc. Numerous applications demonstrate the improved performance of gas-liquid microreactors. Among these are fluorinations, chlorinations, hydrogenations, sulfonations, photo-oxidations, etc. Recently, the scope of reactions has been widened, since there is now the possibility to carry out gas-liquid-solid processes in the same microreactors as used for noncatalytic reactions because of the development of catalyst washcoats and other materials deposited onto microchannels. Some relevant examples are given for illustration.

Gas-liquid and gas-liquid-solid microstructured reactors : contacting principles and applications

Catalytic combustion assisted methane steam reforming in a catalytic plate reactor

Microengineered reactors are a new type of reactor. Their novelty dictates a new approach in design, which requires familiarization with the various manufacturing techniques and materials, and with differences in fluid behaviour and dominant phenomena in the microscale. New approaches for energy management, catalyst incorporation and integration of functions and unit operations can be employed. Microengineered reactors have some unique characteristics which create the potential for high performance chemicals and information processing. These include efficient mass and heat transfer and precise control of the hydrodynamic environment. They can provide significant advantages in information generation in high throughput experimentation and process development, and from difficult to obtain operating regimes. In terms of chemicals manufacture, they allow distributed, mobile and intensified processing. This technology, still in its infancy has the potential to change the chemical engineering landscape.

Asterios Gavriilidis

Papers

Mixing characteristics of T-type microfluidic mixers

Gas-liquid and gas-liquid-solid microstructured reactors : contacting principles and applications

Catalytic combustion assisted methane steam reforming in a catalytic plate reactor

Technology and Applications of Microengineered Reactors

Flow regimes for adiabatic gas–liquid flow in microchannels