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Using Multivariate Statistics

The Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology provides rapid publication of peer-reviewed articles describing significant advances and discoveries in the fields of air, soil, water, and food contamination and pollution as well as articles on methodology and other disciplines concerned with the introduction, presence and effects of toxicants in the total environment.  With its high standards of scientific quality and clarity, the Bulletin provides a meeting ground for research workers who daily encounter problems related to the contamination of our environment and who welcome opportunities to share in new discoveries as soon as they are made.

Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology

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Annual review of biophysics and biomolecular structure

: The biodegradation of naphthalene, creosote, and naphthalene-enriched creosote applied to wood pilings used at Roosevelt Roads Naval Base in Puerto Rico was studied. It was found that naphthalene-degrading bacteria rapidly colonized new wood pilings within hours after installation but that the rate of attachment and subsequent colonization was significantly slower for the naphthalene- enriched creosote-treated wood. The bacteria attaching to new wood were predominantly stalked bacteria whereas the microbial flora of old wood reflected that of the surrounding water and sediment. The gut of Limnoria tripunctata reared in the laboratory was found to be free of bacteria but the external surfaces of the borer were heavily colonized by bacteria. (Author)

Microbial Degradation of Petroleum in the Marine Environment.

Process optimization and adsorption modeling of Pb(II) on nickel ferrite-reduced graphene oxide nano-composite

Background A glycolipopeptide biosurfactant produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain IKW1 reduced the surface tension of fermentation broth from 7131 to 2462 dynes/cm at a critical micelle concentration of 2080 mg/L The compound proved suitable for applications in emulsion stabilization in food, as well as in cosmetic and pharmaceutical formulations Method In the present study, Plackett-Burman design (PBD) and response surface method (RSM) were employed to screen and optimize concentrations of trace nutrients in the fermentation medium, to increase surfactant yield Results The PBD selected 5 out of the 12 screened significant trace nutrients The RSM, on the other hand, resulted in the production of 8444 g glycolipopeptide/L in the optimized medium containing 125 mg/L nickel, 0125 mg/L zinc, 0075 mg/L iron, 00104 mg/L boron, and 0025 mg/L copper Conclusion Significant second-order quadratic models for biomass (P<005; adjusted R2=9429%) and biosurfactant (R2=9944%) responses suggest excellent goodness-of-fit of the models However, their respective non-significant lack-of-fit (Biomass: F=128; P=0418; Biosurfactant: F=120; P=0446) test results indicate their adequacy to explain data variations in the experimental region The glycolipopeptide is recommended for the formulation of inexpensive pharmaceutical products that require surface-active compounds

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Plackett-Burman Design and Response Surface Optimization of Medium Trace Nutrients for Glycolipopeptide Biosurfactant Production

An unusual strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa readily produced a glycolipopeptide compound which reduced surface tension of fermentation broth from 71.31 dynes/cm to 24.62 dynes/cm at a critical micelle concentration of 20.80 mg/L. A response surface methodology (RSM) involving a 24 full-factorial central composite rotatable design was used to optimize major medium parameters to improve yield. Critical input variables in the design included waste-frying oil (X1-carbon source), urea (X2-nitrogen source), Na2HPO4/KH2PO4 (X3-phosphates) and inoculum volume (X4), with biomass (Y1) and biosurfactant (Y2) concentrations as response variables. Maximum biosurfactant concentration of 23.86 g/L was obtained under optimized conditions set at (X1, X2, X3, X4)=(2, −1.5556, 2, 2) corresponding to 5% (v/v) waste frying oil, 1.19 g/L urea, 4.5 g/L phosphates and 10% (v/v-108 cfu/mL) inoculum volume. Production yield (Yp/x) increased from 1.91 in un-optimized medium to 3.76 under optimized conditions. Second-order quadratic models for both responses were significant (P 0.05) and biosurfactant (F=0.72; P=0.697>0.05) models suggest the adequacy of both models to explain data in the region of experimentation.

Response surface modeling and optimization of major medium variables for glycolipopeptide production

A freshwater alkaliphilic strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, grown on waste frying oil-basal medium, produced a surface-active metabolite identified as glycolipopeptide. Bioprocess conditions namely temperature, pH, agitation and duration were comparatively modeled using statistical and artificial neural network (ANN) methods to predict and optimize product yield using the matrix of a central composite rotatable design (CCRD). Response surface methodology (RSM) was the statistical approach while a feed-forward neural network, trained with Levenberg–Marquardt back-propagation algorithm, was the neural network method. Glycolipopeptide model was predicted by a significant (P < 0.001, R2 of 0.9923) quadratic function of the RSM with a mean squared error (MSE) of 3.6661. The neural network model, on the other hand, returned an R2 value of 0.9964 with an MSE of 1.7844. From all error metrics considered, ANN glycolipopeptide model significantly (P < 0.01) outperformed RSM counterpart in predictive modeling capability. Optimization of factor levels for maximum glycolipopeptide concentration produced bioprocess conditions of 32 °C for temperature, 7.6 for pH, agitation speed of 130 rpm and a fermentation time of 66 h, at a combined desirability function of 0.872. The glycosylated lipid-tailed peptide demonstrated significant anti-bacterial activity (MIC = 8.125 µg/mL) against Proteus vulgaris, dose-dependent anti-biofilm activities against Escherichia coli (83%) and Candida dubliniensis (90%) in 24 h and an equally dose-dependent cytotoxic activity against human breast (MCF-7: IC50 = 65.12 µg/mL) and cervical (HeLa: IC50 = 16.44 µg/mL) cancer cell lines. The glycolipopeptide compound is recommended for further studies and trials for application in human cancer therapy.

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Statistical and Artificial Neural Network Approaches to Modeling and Optimization of Fermentation Conditions for Production of a Surface/Bioactive Glyco-lipo-peptide

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An Overview of Cultural, Molecular and Metagenomic Techniques in Description of Microbial Diversity

A Gram-negative bacterium isolated from the sub-surface water of Ikang River, Niger Delta region, Nigeria produced an unusual biosurfactant in waste frying oil-minimal medium. Cultural and biochemical characterizations as well as 16S rRNA sequencing identified the bacterium as a strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa with 100% sequence homology with Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain HNYM41. Biochemical characterizations, thin layer chromatography (TLC), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectrometry identified the active compound as a glycolipopeptide (peptidoglycolipid) composed of 40.36% carbohydrates, 20.16% proteins and 34.56% lipids. The biosurfactant reduced surface tension of water from 72.00 to 24.62 dynes/cm at a critical micelle concentration (CMC) of 20.80 mg/L indicating excellent effectiveness and efficiency properties. Commendable oil-washing property (79.92% oil recovery) with an elution rate of 0.68 mL/min at 70°C, foaming and foam stability, excellent emulsification activity in kerosene, crude oil and palm oil and a significant (P = 0.000; R2 = 0.9901) oil solubilization property indicate excellent oil recovery, detergency and remediation potentials of the biosurfactant. Oil displacement, emulsifying and antimicrobial activities of the compound were relatively stable at relevant temperatures, pH and NaCl levels suggesting suitability for applications in hydrophobic compound remediation, emulsion stabilization and preservation of formulations.

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Atim Asitok

Papers

Plackett-Burman Design and Response Surface Optimization of Medium Trace Nutrients for Glycolipopeptide Biosurfactant Production

Response surface modeling and optimization of major medium variables for glycolipopeptide production

Statistical and Artificial Neural Network Approaches to Modeling and Optimization of Fermentation Conditions for Production of a Surface/Bioactive Glyco-lipo-peptide

An Overview of Cultural, Molecular and Metagenomic Techniques in Description of Microbial Diversity

A Pseudomonas aeruginosa Strain Ikw1 Produces an Unusual Polymeric Surface-Active Compound in Waste Frying Oil-Minimal Medium