Part I. What's the Problem?: 1. What are they shouting about 2. Lineaments of contention 3. Comparisons, mechanisms, and episodes Part II. Tentative Solutions: 4. Mobilizations in comparative perspective 5. Contentious action 6. Transformations of contention Part III. Applications and Conclusions: 7. Revolutionary trajectories 8. Nationalism, national disintegration, and contention 9. Contentious democratization 10. Conclusions.

Dynamics of Contention

Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation

Nationalist Thought and the Colonial World: A Derivative Discourse?

It is well known that institutions work very differently across countries because their political contexts are different. It is also understood that this has important implications for the design of governance priorities in different countries. This paper develops an analysis of the ‘political settlement’ to provide an analytical framework for analysing institutions and governance in developing countries. Central to this analysis is an understanding of the distribution of power. We define this as the relative holding power of different groups and organizations contesting the distribution of resources. Holding power is partly based on income and wealth but also on historically rooted capacities of different groups to organize. A political settlement emerges when the distribution of benefits supported by its institutions is consistent with the distribution of power in society, and the economic and political outcomes of these institutions are sustainable over time. In advanced countries, the distribution of power is largely based on the distribution of incomes generated by formal institutions and rights. The correspondence between power and formal institutions explains why Weberian states in advanced countries can effectively enforce formal institutions. In contrast, the distribution of power in developing countries draws significantly on organizational abilities based in non-capitalist sectors. In many cases, the historical roots of these capabilities go back to colonial history or earlier. Here, formal institutions alone cannot support distributions of benefits consistent with these distributions of power. Informal institutions like patronclient allocative rules, and informal adaptations to the ways in which particular formal institutions work play a critical role in bringing the distribution of benefits supported by the institutional structure into line with the distribution of power. Differences in the political settlement can therefore explain why developing country institutional structures are different and similar formal institutions also perform differently. The political settlement also defines the ‘growth-stability trade-off’ facing particular institutional changes: institutional changes cannot be implemented if their implementation pushes political stability below the tolerance limit of that society. An understanding of the political settlement can therefore provide a framework for looking at institutional performance and evolution across countries. While all developing countries have variants of ‘clientelist’ political settlements, there are significant differences between these clientelist settlements. Differences between countries are examined along two dimensions: the organization of the ruling coalition and its relationship to the emerging productive sector. The analytical framework is applied to the case study countries studied in this series of papers to outline how their political settlements evolved over time in terms of these characteristics. The evolution of their political settlements is shown to be closely related to changes in their formal growth-enhancing institutions and the performance of these institutions. This analysis can therefore help to identify governance changes that can be sufficiently enforced to make a developmental difference in particular countries as well as providing a framework for understanding the paths along which the political settlement is changing in different countries.

https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/9968/1/Political_Settlements_internet.pdf

Political Settlements and the Governance of Growth-Enhancing Institutions

Part I. The State and the Poor: 1. Seeing the state 2. Technologies of rule and the war on poverty Part II. The Everyday State and Society: 3. Meeting the state 4. Participation 5. Governance 6. Political society Part III. The Poor and the State: 7. Protesting the state 8. Postcolonialism, development studies and spaces of empowerment 9. Postscript: development ethics and the ethics of critique.

Seeing the State: Governance and Governmentality in India

Preface Preface to the paperback edition Introduction 1. Jinnah between the wars 2. Jinnah and the League's search for survival 3. Jinnah and the Muslim-majority provinces 4. Centre and province: Simla and the elections of 1945-46 5. Jinnah's 'Pakistan' and the Cabinet Mission plan 6. The interim government: Jinnah in retreat 7. The end game: Mountbatten and partition.

The Sole Spokesman: Jinnah, the Muslim League, and the Demand for Pakistan

List of illustrations. Preface to the Fourth Edition. Preface to the Third Edition. Preface to the Second Edition. Preface to the First Edition. Acknowledgements. 1. South Asian history: an introduction. 2. Modernity and antiquity: interpretations of ancient India 3. Pre-modern accommodations of difference: the making of Indo-Islamic cultures 4. The Mughal empire: state, economy and society 5. India between empires: decline or decentralization? 6. The transition to colonialism: resistance and collaboration 7. The first century of British rule, 1757 to 1857: state and economy 8. Company raj and Indian society, 1757 to 1857: re-invention and reform of tradition 9. 1857: rebellion, collaboration and the transition to crown raj 10. High noon of colonialism, 1858 to 1914: state and political economy 11. A nation in making? 'Rational' reform, 'religious' revival and swadeshi nationalism, 1858 to 1914 12. Colonialism under siege: state and political economy after World War I 13. Gandhian nationalism and mass politics in the 1920s 14. The Depression decade: society, economics and politics 15. Nationalism and colonialism during World War II and its aftermath: economic crisis and political confrontation 16. The partition of India and the creation of Pakistan 17. 1947: memories and meanings 18. Post-colonial South Asia: state and economy, society and politics, 1947 to 1971 19. Post-colonial South Asia: state and economy, society and politics, 1971 to 2017 20. Decolonizing South Asian history: a view from the new millennium Glossary. A chronological outline. Select bibliography and notes. Index.

Modern South Asia History, Culture, Political Economy.

In a comparative and historical study of the interplay between democratic politics and authoritarian states in South Asia, Ayesha Jalal explains how a shared colonial legacy led to apparently contrasting patterns of political development - democracy in India and authoritarianism in Pakistan and Bangladesh. The analysis shows how, despite differences in form, central political authority in each state came to confront similar threats from regional and linguistic dissidence, religious and sectarian strife, as well as class and caste conflicts. By comparing state structures and political processes, the author evaluates and redefines democracy, citizenship, sovereignty and the nation-state, arguing for a more decentralized governmental structure. This original and provocative study will challenge students and scholars in the field to rethink traditional concepts of democracy and authoritarianism in South Asia.

Democracy and Authoritarianism in South Asia: A Comparative and Historical Perspective

Preface List of abbreviations Map of Pakistan Introduction 1. The demand for Pakistan, 1940-1947 2. Pakistan's share of the spoils 3. Constructing the state 4. Wielding state power: politicians, bureaucrats and generals 5. Breaking down the political system, 1954-1958 6. State and society in the balance: Islam as ideology and culture 7. The state of martial rule, 1958 to the present: towards a conceptual framework Glossary Select bibliography Index.

The State of Martial Rule: The Origins of Pakistan's Political Economy of Defence

This book examines the shifts in Muslim thought and politics in response to colonial rule in India through to the period of decolonization and partion.

Ayesha Jalal

Papers

The Sole Spokesman: Jinnah, the Muslim League, and the Demand for Pakistan

Modern South Asia History, Culture, Political Economy.

Democracy and Authoritarianism in South Asia: A Comparative and Historical Perspective

The State of Martial Rule: The Origins of Pakistan's Political Economy of Defence

Self and Sovereignty: Individual and Community in South Asian Islam Since 1850