Ship resistance when operating in floating ice floes: Derivation, validation, and application of an empirical equation

A review on the progress and research directions of ocean engineering

A computational fluid–solid dynamic model is employed to simulate the interaction between water waves and a consolidated ice cover. The model solves the Navier–Stokes equations for the ocean-wave flow around a solid body, and the solid behavior is formalized by the Maxwell viscoelastic model. Model predictions are compared against experimental flume tests of waves interacting with viscoelastic plates. The decay rate and wave dispersion predicted by the model are shown to be in good agreement with experimental results. Furthermore, the model is scaled, by simulating the wave interaction with an actual sea ice cover formed in the ocean. The scaled decay and dispersion results are found to be still valid in full scale. It is shown that the decay rate of waves in a viscoelastic cover is proportional to the quadratic of wave frequency in long waves, whilst biquadrate for short waves. The former is likely to be a viscoelastic effect, and the latter is likely to be related to the energy damping caused by the fluid motion. Overall, the modeling approach and results of the present paper are expected to provide new insights into wave–ice interactions and help researchers to dynamically simulate similar fluid–structure interactions with high fidelity.

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Viscoelastic Wave–Ice Interactions: A Computational Fluid–Solid Dynamic Approach

Numerical simulation on the breakup of an ice sheet induced by regular incident waves

Motion of a submerged body in a near-surface water environment

The hydroelastic symmetric response of a floating ice sheet caused by a pressure moving either in the ice lead or on the infinite ice sheet with a crack (a lead of zero width) is investigated. The ice sheet is modeled as a viscoelastic thin plate. The water is of constant depth. The flow under the ice is potential and linear. A boundary integral method (BIM) for the flow under the ice is combined with the finite difference method for the ice plate with free-free edge conditions to solve the coupled problem of linear hydroelasticity. Numerical results for deflections and stress distributions are shown to agree well with the available results by others. The proposed approach can be applied to problems with different edge conditions and different positions of the load with respect to the lead. The ice responses are studied with respect to the speed of the load. The speed can be subcritical, critical, and supercritical with respect to the critical speed for a floating infinite elastic plate. The speeds of the load, which provide maximum deflection, maximum stress, and maximum wave-making resistance, are determined. All these speeds are different and greater than the critical speed for an infinite elastic plate. The effect of the ice thickness, lead width, and load properties on these speeds is discussed.

B. Y. Ni

Papers

Hydroelastic response of an ice sheet with a lead to a moving load