The global demand for fossil fuels in the transportation sector is increasing rapidly due to the continuous growth of internal combustion engine vehicles. This leads to severe environmental problems, including greenhouse gas emissions and air-quality deterioration. Thus, it is necessary to increase the use of renewable energy sources in the transportation sector as well as other off-grid applications. Battery and fuel cells are promising alternatives owing to high efficiency and low (even zero) local emissions. However, they are limited by either the low capacity or sluggish dynamic response. These shortcomings can be overcome by the hybridization of battery and fuel cells, which have been the focus of leading international automotive and shipbuilding companies. This paper presents a comprehensive evaluation and comparison of different hybrid systems of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell with battery and Solid Oxide Fuel Cell with battery for mobility and other off-grid applications from perspectives of system configurations, technical specifications, energy management strategies, and experimental validation. With the existing issues and corresponding solving strategies highlighted, the suggestions for designing high-performance fuel cell hybrid power systems are concluded accordingly. This review can serve as a reference and guide to advance the development of the fuel cell and battery hybrid power systems for mobility and off-grid applications.

Fuel cell-battery hybrid systems for mobility and off-grid applications: A review

Increasing environmental concerns are driving the shipping industry to take strict measures to deal with greenhouse gas emissions. International Maritime Organization drives the industry to find more efficient and environmentally friendly power systems. To mitigate harmful emissions, researches on marine alternative fuels, operational improvements like slow steaming or predictive maintenance, and additional emission abatement technologies are not sufficient. The use of electricity as the main energy vector is one of the ways to improve the shipping propulsion system's efficiency. In this study, power generation technologies, energy storage components, energy management systems, and hybrid propulsion topologies are reviewed. Diesel engines, fuel cells, solar and wind power as renewable energy sources are discussed as power generation units. On the energy storage side, batteries, supercapacitors, and flywheels are presented and described. Three common hybrid propulsion configurations, serial, parallel, and serial-parallel architectures are detailed with their pros and cons by highlighting commonly used energy management systems and optimization methods. Lastly, criteria for hybrid system selection are defined according to eight different ship types and assessed by providing a generic methodological approach. It is shown that electrical components and architectural design should be elaborated according to operational and architectural characteristics for ships. In short term, it is concluded that internal combustion engines are still the major hybridization element with different energy storage systems. New regulations on the mitigation of harmful emissions will accelerate the transition to hybrid power which is an important option for the ultimate zero-carbon shipping goal. 

Hybrid power and propulsion systems for ships: Current status and future challenges

Real-time energy management for fuel cell electric vehicle using speed prediction-based model predictive control considering performance degradation

Towards health-aware energy management strategies in fuel cell hybrid electric vehicles: A review

Optimized rule-based energy management for a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell/battery hybrid power system using a genetic algorithm

Pontryagin’s minimum principle-based real-time energy management strategy for fuel cell hybrid electric vehicle considering both fuel economy and power source durability

Bailin Zheng

Papers

Pontryagin’s minimum principle-based real-time energy management strategy for fuel cell hybrid electric vehicle considering both fuel economy and power source durability