Metal–Organic Frameworks for Separations

Dielectric-barrier discharges (silent discharges) are used on a large industrial scale. They combine the advantages of non-equilibrium plasma properties with the ease of atmospheric-pressure operation. A prominent feature is the simple scalability from small laboratory reactors to large industrial installations with megawatt input powers. Efficient and cost-effective all-solid-state power supplies are available. The preferred frequency range lies between 1 kHz and 10 MHz, the preferred pressure range between 10 kPa and 500 kPa. Industrial applications include ozone generation, pollution control, surface treatment, high power CO2 lasers, ultraviolet excimer lamps, excimer based mercury-free fluorescent lamps, and flat large-area plasma displays. Depending on the application and the operating conditions the discharge can have pronounced filamentary structure or fairly diffuse appearance. History, discharge physics, and plasma chemistry of dielectric-barrier discharges and their applications are discussed in detail.

https://www3.nd.edu/~sst/teaching/AME60637/reading/2003_PCPP_Kogelschatz_dbd_review.pdf

Dielectric-barrier Discharges: Their History, Discharge Physics, and Industrial Applications

https://cmapspublic3.ihmc.us/rid=1N3976C22-12M3P49-9V/Holladay%20et%20al.%20-%202009%20-%20An%20overview%20of%20hydrogen%20production%20technologies.pdf

An overview of hydrogen production technologies

Renewable technologies are considered as clean sources of energy and optimal use of these resources minimize environmental impacts, produce minimum secondary wastes and are sustainable based on current and future economic and social societal needs. Sun is the source of all energies. The primary forms of solar energy are heat and light. Sunlight and heat are transformed and absorbed by the environment in a multitude of ways. Some of these transformations result in renewable energy flows such as biomass and wind energy. Renewable energy technologies provide an excellent opportunity for mitigation of greenhouse gas emission and reducing global warming through substituting conventional energy sources. In this article a review has been done on scope of CO2 mitigation through solar cooker, water heater, dryer, biofuel, improved cookstoves and by hydrogen.

https://www.beren.sakarya.edu.tr/sites/beren.sakarya.edu.tr/file/1380752545-07-RenewEn.pdf.pdf

Role of renewable energy sources in environmental protection: A review

Catalysis for the valorization of exhaust carbon: from CO2 to chemicals, materials, and fuels. technological use of CO2.

The invention relates to a process for purifying NOx-containing exhaust gases from combustion systems and internal combustion engines. The NOx molecules contained in the exhaust gas are reacted with atomic hydrogen, forming nitrogen and water. The atomic hydrogen is formed by electrolysis from the water vapour contained in the exhaust gas. To carry out the process, an apparatus (1) is provided which has a solid electrolyte (2) of a zirconium oxide. The solid electrolyte (2) is cylindrically shaped and has a respective electrode (3, 4) on its interior and exterior, of which at least the electrode (3) coming into contact with the exhaust gas to be purified has catalytic properties. The two electrodes (3, 4) are connected to a direct current source (5), with the aid of a which a voltage greater than 1.3 V is developed between the two electrodes.

Process and apparatus for purifying exhaust gases

Bipolar coagulation ― modeling and applications

An explanation is given of the unexpectedly high ozone yield of discharges in N2/O2 mixtures. In addition to the direct electron impact dissociation of O2 a substantial number of additional oxygen atoms are provided by reactions involving excited nitrogen molecules and nitrogen atoms. The calculations based on recent electron impact cross sections are found to be in good agreement with measurements of ozone yield and the time constant of ozone formation.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0022-3700/17/22/006/pdf

Dissociation of O2 in N2/O2 mixtures

The atomic economic reaction of acetic acid formation from methane and carbon dioxide via dielectric-barrier discharges at ambient conditions was investigated in this work. A significantly high selectivity of acetic acid (up to 5.3%) has been achieved with high conversions of methane (more than 54.1%) and carbon dioxide (more than 37.4%).

Production of Acetic Acid Directly from Methane and Carbon Dioxide Using Dielectric-Barrier Discharges

Hydrogenation of CO2 with a substance (I) contg. H atoms is carried out by exposing a mixt. of CO2 and (I) to a static electric discharge in a reaction zone. (I) is H2 gas or water vapour. The reaction zone contains a catalyst (II), on which the reactants activated by the static electric discharge and/or catalytic substances react. For the synthesis of CH4 or MeOH, (II) consists of Cu (pref. obtd. by reducing Cu oxide), opt. in conjunction with Zn, Al, Mn, Co, Cr, Ag, Mg, Mo, Ni and/or V. (II) may be supported pref. on the dielectric (1) and/or the first electrode or on another support. USE/ADVANTAGE - The process is for the synthesis of CH4 or MeOH. It can be carried out economically at low temps. and low pressures, using e.g. H2 produced by nuclear energy or renewable energy sources or water, which is converted to H2 in the discharge.

Hydrogenation of carbon di:oxide esp. to methane or methanol in plasma - which can operate at low temp. and low pressure, using hydrogen@ or water vapour

Baldur Eliasson

Papers

Process and apparatus for purifying exhaust gases

Bipolar coagulation ― modeling and applications

Dissociation of O2 in N2/O2 mixtures

Production of Acetic Acid Directly from Methane and Carbon Dioxide Using Dielectric-Barrier Discharges

Hydrogenation of carbon di:oxide esp. to methane or methanol in plasma - which can operate at low temp. and low pressure, using hydrogen@ or water vapour