Preface to the Princeton Landmarks in Biology Edition vii Preface xi Symbols Used xiii 1. The Importance of Islands 3 2. Area and Number of Speicies 8 3. Further Explanations of the Area-Diversity Pattern 19 4. The Strategy of Colonization 68 5. Invasibility and the Variable Niche 94 6. Stepping Stones and Biotic Exchange 123 7. Evolutionary Changes Following Colonization 145 8. Prospect 181 Glossary 185 References 193 Index 201

The Theory of Island Biogeography

[신간의 별자리x] 우리/미술, 그리고 ‘슬픔의 박물관’

Reports that promote persulfate-based advanced oxidation process (AOP) as a viable alternative to hydrogen peroxide-based processes have been rapidly accumulating in recent water treatment literature. Various strategies to activate peroxide bonds in persulfate precursors have been proposed and the capacity to degrade a wide range of organic pollutants has been demonstrated. Compared to traditional AOPs in which hydroxyl radical serves as the main oxidant, persulfate-based AOPs have been claimed to involve different in situ generated oxidants such as sulfate radical and singlet oxygen as well as nonradical oxidation pathways. However, there exist controversial observations and interpretations around some of these claims, challenging robust scientific progress of this technology toward practical use. This Critical Review comparatively examines the activation mechanisms of peroxymonosulfate and peroxydisulfate and the formation pathways of oxidizing species. Properties of the main oxidizing species are scrutinized and the role of singlet oxygen is debated. In addition, the impacts of water parameters and constituents such as pH, background organic matter, halide, phosphate, and carbonate on persulfate-driven chemistry are discussed. The opportunity for niche applications is also presented, emphasizing the need for parallel efforts to remove currently prevalent knowledge roadblocks.

/pdf/persulfate-based-advanced-oxidation-critical-assessment-of-ru3om4hbrg.pdf

Persulfate-Based Advanced Oxidation: Critical Assessment of Opportunities and Roadblocks.

β-Catenin (Armadillo in Drosophila) is a multitasking and evolutionary conserved molecule that in metazoans exerts a crucial role in a multitude of developmental and homeostatic processes. More specifically, β-catenin is an integral structural component of cadherin-based adherens junctions, and the key nuclear effector of canonical Wnt signalling in the nucleus. Imbalance in the structural and signalling properties of β-catenin often results in disease and deregulated growth connected to cancer and metastasis. Intense research into the life of β-catenin has revealed a complex picture. Here, we try to capture the state of the art: we try to summarize and make some sense of the processes that regulate β-catenin, as well as the plethora of β-catenin binding partners. One focus will be the interaction of β-catenin with different transcription factors and the potential implications of these interactions for direct cross-talk between β-catenin and non-Wnt signalling pathways.

/pdf/the-many-faces-and-functions-of-b-catenin-2nu9x6ye34.pdf

The many faces and functions of β‐catenin

Heterogenous electrocatalysts based on transition metal sulfides (TMS) are being actively explored in renewable energy research because nanostructured forms support high intrinsic activities for both the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Herein, it is described how researchers are working to improve the performance of TMS-based materials by manipulating their internal and external nanoarchitectures. A general introduction to the water-splitting reaction is initially provided to explain the most important parameters in accessing the catalytic performance of nanomaterials catalysts. Later, the general synthetic methods used to prepare TMS-based materials are explained in order to delve into the various strategies being used to achieve higher electrocatalytic performance in the HER. Complementary strategies can be used to increase the OER performance of TMS, resulting in bifunctional water-splitting electrocatalysts for both the HER and the OER. Finally, the current challenges and future opportunities of TMS materials in the context of water splitting are summarized. The aim herein is to provide insights gathered in the process of studying TMS, and describe valuable guidelines for engineering other kinds of nanomaterial catalysts for energy conversion and storage technologies.

https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:df1181f/UQdf1181f_OA.pdf

Nanoarchitectonics for Transition-Metal-Sulfide-Based Electrocatalysts for Water Splitting.

The persulfate-based advanced oxidation process is a promising technology for water treatment, while its effectiveness depends mainly on the activation efficiency of catalysts and the oxidant yield derived from persulfate. Thus, exploration of efficient and cost-effective activators for persulfate decomposition is highly desired. In this work, biochar, which was synthesized via a facile one-pot pyrolysis of sewage sludge, was proven to be an efficient persulfate activator for pollutant degradation. For a representative endocrine disrupting pollutant, bisphenol A, an average removal rate of 3.21 mol BPA per mol oxidant per h could be achieved by peroxymonosulfate in a wide pH range of 4.0–10.0 at a biochar dosage of 0.2 g L−1. Also, a high mineralization efficiency of ∼80% (total organic carbon removal) was obtained within 30 min. A further catalytic mechanism study demonstrated that singlet oxygen, which was catalytically produced by the ketone structure inside the biochar, was the main reactive species responsible for bisphenol A degradation. More importantly, metals in the sludge precursor were found to play an important role in the active site formation during the pyrolysis of raw sludge. This work not only provides a novel value-added reuse approach for sewage sludge as an efficient persulfate activator but also would be beneficial for further designing and fabricating carbon-based persulfate catalysts.

Sludge biochar-based catalysts for improved pollutant degradation by activating peroxymonosulfate

P21-activated kinase 1 (PAK1) is associated with colon cancer progression and metastasis, whereas the molecular mechanism remains elusive. Here, we show that downregulation of PAK1 in colon cancer cells reduces total β-catenin level, as well as cell proliferation. Mechanistically, PAK1 directly phosphorylates β-catenin proteins at Ser675 site and this leads to more stable and transcriptional active β-catenin. Corroborating these results, PAK1 is required for full Wnt signaling, and superactivation of β-catenin is achieved by simultaneous knockdown of adenomatous polyposis coli protein and activation of PAK1. Moreover, we show that Rac1 functions upstream of PAK1 in colon cancer cells and contributes to β-catenin phosphorylation and accumulation. We conclude that a Rac1/PAK1 cascade controls β-catenin S675 phosphorylation and full activation in colon cancer cells. Supporting this conclusion, overexpression of PAK1 is observed in 70% of colon cancer samples and is correlated with massive β-catenin accumulation.

A Rac1/PAK1 cascade controls β-catenin activation in colon cancer cells

The production of renewable energy and chemicals from biomass can be performed sustainably using pyrolysis, but the production costs associated with biomass pyrolysis hinder its wider application. The use of renewable precursors and waste heat to fabricate high-quality functional carbon nanomaterials can considerably improve the sustainability and economic viability of this process. Here, we propose a method to maximize the economic benefits and the sustainability of biomass pyrolysis by utilizing waste pyrolysis gases and waste heat to prepare high-quality three-dimensional graphene foams (3DGFs). The resulting 3DGFs exhibit excellent performance in environmental and energy-storage applications. On the basis of a life-cycle assessment, the overall life-cycle impacts of the present synthetic route on human health, ecosystems and resources are less than those of the conventional chemical vapour deposition (CVD) process. Overall, incorporating the pyrolytic route for fabricating functional carbonaceous materials into the biomass pyrolysis process improves the sustainability and economic viability of the process and can support wider commercial application of biomass pyrolysis. Biomass pyrolysis for renewable energy and chemicals offers sustainability advantages but is expensive. This study shows a route to improve both the sustainability and economic viability of biomass pyrolysis by using pyrolytic gases and waste heat to fabricate high-quality carbon nanomaterials.

Sustainable production of value-added carbon nanomaterials from biomass pyrolysis

Aggregation behavior of engineered nanoparticles and their impact on activated sludge in wastewater treatment

Ultrahigh electrocatalytic oxygen evolution by iron-nickel sulfide nanosheets/reduced graphene oxide nanohybrids with an optimized autoxidation process

Bao-Cheng Huang

Papers

Sludge biochar-based catalysts for improved pollutant degradation by activating peroxymonosulfate

A Rac1/PAK1 cascade controls β-catenin activation in colon cancer cells

Sustainable production of value-added carbon nanomaterials from biomass pyrolysis

Aggregation behavior of engineered nanoparticles and their impact on activated sludge in wastewater treatment

Ultrahigh electrocatalytic oxygen evolution by iron-nickel sulfide nanosheets/reduced graphene oxide nanohybrids with an optimized autoxidation process