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Computation And Interpretation Of Biological Statistics Of Fish Populations

‘‘Gentlemen don’t need mistletoe’’ said the Christmas whiskey billboard I saw recently in Florida, a garish reminder of how much mistletoe lore is embedded in western society. Mistletoe The Genus Viscum, one in the series of medicinal and aromatic plants for industry and academic researchers, centers on the mistletoe in this advertisement, the common European mistletoe,Viscum album. There are helpful discussions on African, Asian, and Argentine mistletoes and their uses but the corpus of the book deals with V. album. Viscum album, considered sacred by the Druids, is no doubt the most widely used parasitic angiosperm for various health concoctions. As a result, much has been learned about its biochemistry and pharmaceutical potential. A great deal of the work on the culture and utilization ofV. album has been done by investigators at Institute Hiscia Center for Cancer Research in Switzerland where votaries of Rudolf Steiner’s distinct form of homeopathy have used mistletoe extracts (‘‘Iscador’’) for many years in cancer treatment. Mistletoe collected from less common hosts are considered to have greater efficacy in preparation of Iscador. As a result, there is a helpful chapter on culturing V. album which is not as difficult as might be imagined for an obligate parasite. Most of the chapters deal with the medicinal aspects of mistletoe including toxicology, clinical aspects, chemistry, and biochemistry emphasizing the lectins which are one of the more desirable compounds produced by the parasite. I found the treatment by Bu ̈ssing (Biological and pharmacological properties of Viscum album L.) helpful because it reviews the link between folk and modern medicine. However, several relevant papers were omitted which are included in a recent excellent review of mistletoes (Watson 2001). Like many books with a diversity of authors, the quality of chapters varies. Obviously produced as a reference volume, Mistletoe lacks an extensive index. Especially aggravating is the lack of an author’s index, limiting the value of the book for anyone looking for specific papers. These days, $70 for a hardbound monograph is reasonable. Color images are well-produced but some of the black and white figures are blurry in my copy. This volume will be of value to ethnobotanists, anyone interested in alternative medicines, and students of mistletoes and parasitic plants. LITERATURE CITED

Genetic Data Analysis II. Methods for Discrete Population Genentic Data

Present work compares the green synthesis of iron oxide nanorodes (NRs) using Withania coagulans and reduction precipitation based chemical method. UV/Vis confirmed the sharp peak of Iron oxide NRs synthesized by biologically and chemically on 294 and 278 nm respectively. XRD and SEM showed highly crystalline nature of NRs with average size 16 ± 2 nm using Withania extract and less crystalline with amorphous Nanostructure of 18 ± 2 nm by chemical method. FTIR analysis revealed the involvement of active bioreducing and stabilizing biomolecules in Withania coagulans extract for synthesis of NRs. Moreover, EDX analysis indicates 34.91% of Iron oxide formation in biological synthesis whereas 25.8% of iron oxide synthesis in chemical method. The degradation of safranin dye in the presence of Withania coagulans based NRs showed 30% more effectively than chemically synthesized Nanorods which were verified by the gradual decrease in the peak intensity at 553 nm and 550 nm respectively under solar irradiation. Furthermore, Withania coagulans based NRs showed effective Antibacterial activity against S.aureus and P. aeuroginosa as compared to NRs by chemical method. Finally, we conclude that green synthesized NRs are more effective and functionally more efficient than chemically prepared NRs. Therefore, our work will help the researchers to boost the synthesis of nanoparticles via biological at commercial level.

Green synthesis of iron oxide nanorods using Withania coagulans extract improved photocatalytic degradation and antimicrobial activity

Olfaction is a universal modality by which all animals sample chemical stimuli from their environment. In cartilaginous fishes, olfaction is critical for various survival tasks including localizing prey, avoiding predators, and chemosensory communication with conspecifics. Little is known, however, about interspecific variation in olfactory capability in these fishes, or whether the relative importance of olfaction in relation to other sensory systems varies with regard to ecological factors, such as habitat and lifestyle. In this study, we have addressed these questions by directly examining interspecific variation in the size of the olfactory bulbs (OB), the region of the brain that receives the primary sensory projections from the olfactory nerve, in 58 species of cartilaginous fishes. Relative OB size was compared among species occupying different ecological niches. Our results show that the OBs maintain a substantial level of allometric independence from the rest of the brain across cartilaginous fishes and that OB size is highly variable among species. These findings are supported by phylogenetic generalized least-squares models, which show that this variability is correlated with ecological niche, particularly habitat. The relatively largest OBs were found in pelagic-coastal/oceanic sharks, especially migratory species such as Carcharodon carcharias and Galeocerdo cuvier. Deep-sea species also possess large OBs, suggesting a greater reliance on olfaction in habitats where vision may be compromised. In contrast, the smallest OBs were found in the majority of reef-associated species, including sharks from the families Carcharhinidae and Hemiscyllidae and dasyatid batoids. These results suggest that there is great variability in the degree to which these fishes rely on olfactory cues. The OBs have been widely used as a neuroanatomical proxy for olfactory capability in vertebrates, and we speculate that differences in olfactory capabilities may be the result of functional rather than phylogenetic adaptations.

Not all sharks are "swimming noses": variation in olfactory bulb size in cartilaginous fishes.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ExplanationoftheGraphs References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Index to families. genera. species and stocks Plates 1-1 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Postscript . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acknowledgments This atlas presents the results of a detailed analysis of length-frequency data collected from 1957 to 1981 throughout the Philippines, covering 23 families, including 34 genera and 55 species representing 112 stocks of commercially exploited teleost fishes. The raw data, covering 0.9 million single fish measurements were compiled by the authors from a number of different sources, particularly the files of the Philippine Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources. The results are presented in the form of 112 plates, providing for each stock: an outline drawing of the fish discussed, with name and sampling location and date, a graphic representation of the length-frequency data with superimposed growth curve, a length-converted catch curve as used for estimating total mortality, a recruitment pattern used to infer the seasonality of spawning and recruitment, and a graph where probabilities of capture are plotted against length to estimate mean length a t first capture (LC). Also, a legend is provided giving, for each stock, the numerical values of the estimates of growth, mortality and exploitation rate (L, K, Z, M and El, the source of the data used, brief comments on the biology of the fish in question, and reference to a source of further information.

An atlas of the growth, mortality and recruitment of Philippine fishes

Growth and mortality parameters of brushtooth lizardfish Saurida undosquamis (Richardson, 1848) were investigated using the length frequency data from five research trawl surveys from Pakistani waters during 2009 - 2010. The analysis was based on FiSAT computer software package. The pooled data of S. undosquamis consist of n = 870 pair of length weight data and n = 3607 length frequency data of both sexes combined with maximum length and weight of 38 cm (FL) and 492 g respectively. The length-weight relationship parameters from pooled data were a = 0.008, b = 3.000 and R 2 = 0.965. The von Bertalanffy growth function parameters were L = 39.90 cm, K = 0.270 year-1 (using ELEFAN method) and age at zero length t0 = - 0.572. Based on those growth parameters, the total mortality rate was calculated using length-converted catch curve analysis as 1.15 year-1. The natural mortality (M) was 0.687 using Pauly's equation (the annual average sea surface temperature was 27°C) hence the fishing mortality (F) was estimated by F = Z - M = 0.463 year-1. The yield per recruitment analysis indicated when tc was assumed to be 2, Fmax was estimated at 1.1 and F10 at 1; when tc was assumed to be 1, Fmax was estimated at 0.85 and F10 at 0.7. Currently age at first capture is about 1 year and Fcurrent was 0.463, therefore Fcurrent was smaller than F10 and Fmax. This indicates that the current fishery is in a safe condition. Using Gulland (1971) biological reference point Fopt was equal 0.687. The current fishing mortality rate of 0.463 year -1 was lower than biological reference point.

Growth and mortality of brushtooth lizardfish, Saurida undosquamis, from Pakistani waters.

The catch and effort data analysis (CEDA) and ASPIC (a stock assessment production model incorporating covariates) computer software packages were used to estimate the maximum sustainable yield (MSY) from the catch and effort data of Greater lizardfish Saurida tumbil fishery of Pakistan from 1986 to 2009. In CEDA three surplus production models of Fox, Schaefer and Pella-Tomlinson were used. Here initial proportion (IP) of 0.5 was used because the starting catch was roughly 50% of the maximum catch. With IP = 0.5, the estimated MSY from Fox model were 20.59 mt and 38.16 mt for normal and log-normal error assumptions, while the MSY from Schaefer and Pella-Tomlinson were 60.40, 60.40 and 60.40 mt, for normal, log-normal and gamma error assumptions respectively. The MSY values from Schaefer and Pella-Tomlinson models of three error assumptions were the same. The R2 values from those three models were above 0.6. When IP = 0.5, the MSY values estimated from ASPIC from Fox were 132 mt, and from logistic model were 69.4 mt, with R2 value above 0.8. Therefore we suggest the MSY of S. tumbil fishery from Pakistan to be 60–70 mt, which is higher than the latest catch, thus we would recommend that the fishing efforts for this fishery may be kept at the current level.

Maximum sustainable yield of Greater lizardfish Saurida tumbil fishery in Pakistan using the CEDA and ASPIC packages

Growth and mortality parameters of greater lizardfish Saurida tumbil (Bloch, 1975) from the Pakistani waters were estimated using length frequency data which were collected from five research trawl surveys during 2009 - 2010. The pooled data of both sexes of S. tumbil consisted of 824 pair of length weight and 2320 length frequency data. The length-weight relationship were at a = 0.011, b = 2.931. The von Bertalanffy growth function parameters were L∞ = 48.30 cm (FL) K = 0.320 year -1 using ELEFAN method and t0 = - 0.786. Based on the growth parameters the total, natural and fishing mortality were estimated at 1.160, 0.716 and 0.444 year -1 , respectively. The yield per recruit analysis indicates that, when tc was assumed to be 2, Fmax was estimated as 1.25 and F0.1 at 1.15; when c t was assumed to be 1, Fmax was estimated as 1 and F0.1 at 0.9. Currently we assume that the age at first capture was about 1 year and Fcurrent and was 0.444, therefore Fcurrent was smaller than F0.1 and Fmax. This indicated that the current fishery is in a sustainable condition. When using the Gulland formula biological reference point Fopt was equal to M (0.716). The current fishing mortality rate of 0.444 year -1 was lower than the biological reference point. The exploitation ratio (E) was estimated at 0.382 year -1 . In the view of the above results we may assume that the stock of S. tumbil fishery from Pakistani waters is in a sustainable state.

/pdf/population-dynamics-of-greater-lizardfish-saurida-tumbil-kmx5f0t88f.pdf

Population dynamics of greater lizardfish, Saurida tumbil from Pakistani waters.

To  study  the effect  of different  protein  levels on growth and survival of Catla catla (Hamilton) reared  in  glass  aquaria  during  May  to  August 2009. Three  iso-caloric  feeds  were  formulated  with  locally  available  ingredients (rice protein, rice  bran  and  wheat  bran)  of  different  protein  levels such as 30%, 35% and 40% (dietary protein levels) of 2 mm  dia were  prepared  with the  help  of manually operated pellet machine. The feed ingredients were tested for proximate (bio-chemical composition) analysis according to the methods given in AOAC (1980) and found 13%, 12% and 40% protein respectively. Each feed was supplied at a rate of 8% of the body weight of fish twice a day. The results of the various growth parameters like suitability of protein level requirement, specific growth rate, mean total weight gain, percentage weight gain, feed conversion ratio, survival rate and production of the experimental fish showed significantly (p<0.05) highest growth and production was observed in feed B followed by feed C while significantly (p<0.05) lowest growth and production was recorded from feed A. It is therefore concluded that the feed with 35% protein found to be suitable for the better growth and production of Catla catla.

/pdf/effect-of-different-protein-on-growth-and-survival-of-catla-1nltvbuvij.pdf

Effect of different protein on growth and survival of catla catla (hamilton) reared in glass aquaria

In this study, we report the cellular uptake studies of novel LX loaded nanoliposomes in H2O2 stress SH-SY5Y Cells synthesized by thin film evaporation method. We have isolated the smallest size nanoliposomes after 90 min ultrasonification, keeping Polydisperse Index as 0.259. The morphology, size, zepta potential and drug efficiency of prepared nanoliposomes are characterized by using Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), particle size analyzer and High Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The particle size analyzer have confirmed the particle size of nanoluposomes measured in range of 100-250 nm, whereas the shape of these nanoliposomes is almost spherical. The zeta potential of small size nanoliposomes was measured as -49.62 and encapsulation efficiency of the LX loaded nanoliposomes was 87%. The oxidative stress response in SH-SY5Y Cells for various doses of drug with and without nanoliposomes has affectively improved the cell-stress response up to 20% after 24 h of incubation at 37 degrees C. The results indicated that LX loaded nanoliposomes were taken by the cells effectively which ultimately improved the cell-stress response. Thus, this study confirmed that synthesized nanoliposomes are not only effective drug carriers but could be potentially used for delivery of genes, antibodies, and proteins in future.

Baradi Waryani

Papers

Growth and mortality of brushtooth lizardfish, Saurida undosquamis, from Pakistani waters.

Maximum sustainable yield of Greater lizardfish Saurida tumbil fishery in Pakistan using the CEDA and ASPIC packages

Population dynamics of greater lizardfish, Saurida tumbil from Pakistani waters.

Effect of different protein on growth and survival of catla catla (hamilton) reared in glass aquaria

LX loaded nanoliposomes synthesis, characterization and cellular uptake studies in H2O2 stressed SH-SY5Y cells.