Projections of Power: Framing News, Public Opinion, and U.S. Foreign Policy

THE PRESS AND FOREIGN POLICY' IT IS a defect of some of the studies of the diplomatic background of the Great War that they tend to ignore the influence on pre-war diplomacy of public opinion in general and of the press in particular. Based primarily on official documents such studies unconsciously tend to overemphasize the parts played by the leaders with whose activities the documents are so largely concerned and to neglect some of the less obvious forces that affected the course of events. The influence of the press, it is true, can never be measured accurately. \"No diviniiig rod can locate it,\" says Miss Salmon, \"no plummet sound its depth, no instrument of precision measure it, no astronomer compute its orbit.\"2 And yet that influence in pre-war Europe was very real and very considerable. Professor Fay goes so far as to list \"the poisoning of public opinion by the newspaper press in all the great countries\"3 as one of the chief underlying causes of the war. If the influence of the press cannot be exactly determined, however, it can at least be roughly estimated; and even where no attempt is made to estimate influence, a kniowledge of newspaper views on questions of foreign policy is of assistance in clarifying the atmosphere out of which the Great WYar came.

The Press and Foreign Policy

https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1057%2Fpalgrave.ap.5500147.pdf

Entertaining the Citizen: When Politics and Popular Culture Converge

The CNN Effect: The Myth of News, Foreign Policy and Intervention Piers Robinson London: Routledge, 2002 192 pp $2395 The author of The CNN Effect brings intellectual honesty and insightful observations to one of the most current versions of the debate about the power, or lack of power, of mass communication Piers Robinson, a lecturer in political communication in the School of Politics and Communication Studies at the University of Liverpool, asks if intense mass media coverage of humanitarian crises can, on occasion, compel governments to intervene with the use, or threat of use, of force The author's intellectual honesty becomes evident as he first considers cases widely regarded as clear-cut examples of the CNN effect, but that on closer examination, show little or no effect of media coverage on policymaker decisions Unlike theorists who blithely dismiss contradictory cases as misleading or hegemonic, Robinson uses these cases to challenge commonsense notions and to extend and refine his own explanations for the CNN effect Robinson begins with cases widely regarded as evidence of the power of the news media, not just CNN, to provoke responses by both Western audiences and political elites The 1991 US Operation Provide Comfort in northern Iraq and the 1992 Operation Restore Hope in Somalia are both cases of military intervention in areas that were without traditional "national interest" such as business investments or oil Instead, these "humanitarian" interventions were to signal a post-Cold War New World Order In spite of policymaker insistence that television images of starvation and suffering in Somalia prompted a military response, Robinson provides evidence that media coverage increased dramatically only after the decision to intervene Media coverage, in this case, served a "manufacturing consent" role that supported military intervention Another case widely regarded as supporting the CNN effect was US military intervention in northern Iraq to help mitigate the suffering of the Kurdish refugees who were trapped in the mountains between Iraq and Turkey Conventional wisdom was that compelling images of human suffering forced the United States to reverse its policy of nonintervention in internal Iraqi affairs Robinson argues that US policy reversed not because of television coverage but instead to reward the Turkish government for its loyalty during Operation Desert Storm While appearing to be in response to critical media coverage, the US "no fly zone" was designed primarily to draw the Iraqi Kurds away from the Turkish border into Iraqi refugee camps Robinson does not simply discard the CNN effect hypothesis (powerful media), or throw his support behind the "manufacturing consent" hypothesis (subservient media) on the basis of these two cases …

The CNN Effect: The Myth of News, Foreign Policy and Intervention

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The Political Economy of Communication: Rethinking and Renewal

We analysed the editorial treatment of Taliban in the elite English press of India and Pakistan during January 2008 to December 2009. The study critically evaluated the relationship between elite press and the governments of the neighbouring countries of Afghanistan, and discussed how media framed Taliban in the context of foreign policies of the South Asian neighbours having important stakes in the conflict-ravaged Afghanistan. The central focus of the study was the stated foreign policy positions of India and Pakistan on Taliban factor in Afghanistan and the approach used by the elite press of these countries in responding to the initiatives of foreign office. We employed qualitative content analysis to analyse editorials of two English newspapers (The Hindu and Dawn), which helped us examine framing of the foreign policy initiatives of India and Pakistan. We found that the elite English newspapers followed the official foreign policy of India and Pakistan while covering war in Afghanistan and T...

Barbara C. Robinson

Papers

The Taliban factor: conflict in Afghanistan and elite South Asian newspapers†